تبیین دیپلماسی عمومی و فرهنگی از منظر سازه انگاری جهان وطنی

نویسنده

دکتری روابط بین الملل، پژوهشگر و مدرس دانشگاه

چکیده

تحولات نظام بین الملل و روند های جدید جهانی، دیپلماسی را متحول کرده است به طوری که در کنار کاربرد دیپلماسی سنتی، امروزه اشکال جدید دیپلماسی به ویژه دیپلماسی عمومی/ فرهنگی درراستای تحقق منافع ملی کشور ها به کار می رود. دیپلماسی عمومی/ فرهنگی اقدماتی برای تعامل و ارتباط با دیگر ملل و اندیشه ها با هدف ایجاد روابط بلند مدت فرهنگی و بر پایه ارزش ها و سیاست های نظام مورد نظر با جوامع دیگر است. اهداف نهایی دیپلماسی عمومی/ فرهنگی اطلاع رسانی و نفوذ بر مخاطبان خارجی، ایجاد گفتمان متقابل و روابط بلند مدت می باشد. برنامه های آموزشی، فرهنگی، پژوهشی و پخش برنامه های رادیو تلویزیونی، ماهواره ای و اینترنتی را می توان از اجزاء این دیپلماسی دانست.سازه انگاری جهان وطنی از نظر فلسفی بر اساس دیپلماسی چند جانبه، تئوری جهان وطنی و سیاست های سازه انگارانه می باشد. اهداف سازه انگاری جهان وطنی ساخت روابط دوستانه پایدار میان دولت ها با دعوت از جوامع آن ها برای یادگیری از یکدیگر در ساخت نگرش های فرهنگی جهان وطنی می باشد.سئوالی که در این جا مطرح است این است که چگونه می توان دیپلماسی عمومی/ فرهنگی را با نظریه سازه انگاری جهان وطنی تبیین نمود؟ فرضیه پژوهش بر این اساس استوار است که اهداف دیپلماسی عمومی/ فرهنگی از منظر سازه انگاری جهان وطنی ساخت روابط دوستانه پایدار میان کشور ها با مخاطب قرار دادن جوامع آن ها در ساخت رفتار های جهان وطنی فرهنگی است.چند جانبه گرایی در دیپلماسی عمومی و فرهنگی با گفتمان در میان موسسات جهانی و واحد های آکادمیک و با تاکید بر مکانیزم های مشترک همکاری در حوزه های فرهنگی و روابط بین المللانجام میگیرد

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Explanation of Public and Cultural Diplomacy from Cosmopolitan Constructivist Perspective

نویسنده [English]

  • Amir Hooshang Mirkooshesh

Doctor of International Relations, Researcher and Lecturer

چکیده [English]

Thenew developments and trends in international system have changed the world of diplomacy so much so that along with the application of conventional diplomacy, new forms of diplomacy, particularly public and cultural diplomacy are presently used to achieve national interests. Public and cultural diplomacy are actions to interact and communicate with other nations and ideas with the goal of creating long-term cultural relationships based on the values and policies of favored system with other societies. The ultimate goals of public and cultural diplomacy are to aware and influence foreign audiences and to create mutual dialogue and long-term relationships. The Educational and cultural programs, research and television broadcasts, satellite and internet could be considered as the components of this diplomacy. Cosmopolitan Constructivism is philosophically based on multilateral diplomacy, cosmopolitan theory and constructivist policy. The objectives of the Cosmopolitan Constructivism are to build long lasting friendly relationships between states by inviting their societies in order to learn from each other for making cosmopolitan cultural attitudes. The basic question of this research work is as to how one can explain the public and cultural diplomacy through the Cosmopolitan Constructivist theory? The hypothesis of this work is based on the fact that the objectives of public and cultural diplomacy are, from Cosmopolitan Constructivist perspective, to create long lasting friendships between states by addressing their societies in making cosmopolitan cultural behaviors. Multilateralism in the public and cultural diplomacy is achieved with discourse among global institutes and the academic units and with stress on collaborative common mechanisms in the cultural areas and international relations

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Public Diplomacy
  • cultural diplomacy
  • constructivism
  • Cosmopolitanism
قشقاوی،حسن.(1389).دیپلماسی عمومی، تهران،وزارت امور خارجه.
کتاب امریکا(6): ویژه دیپلماسی عمومی در امریکا.(1384).موسسه ابرار معاصر.
مانهایم، یارول بی.(1390).دیپلماسی عمومی راهبردی و سیاست خارجی امریکا(گسترش نفوذ)، ترجمه حسام الدین آشنا و محمد صادق اسماعیلی، انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادق.
واعظی ، محمود.(1390). دیپلماسی عمومی در سیاست خارجی، تهران ، مرکز تحقیقات استراتژیک.
شریف کاظمی، کاظم(1390، تابستان). تحول در راهبرد دیپلماسی عمومی امریکا در قرن 21:تضمین منافع و امنیت ملی، فصلنامه مطالعات منطقه ای:امریکا شناسی- اسرائیل شناسی 13 (3).
سلطانی فر، محمد.(1389).دیپلماسی عمومی نوین و روابط عمومی الکترونیک، تهران، انتشارات سیمای شرق تهران
سجاپور،کاظم و وحیدی،موسی الرضا.(1390، زمستان). دیپلماسی عمومی نوین: چارچوب های مفهومی و عملیاتی ،فصلنامه سیاست دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی،41(4).

Aguillar, M. (1996).Cultural diplomacy and foreign Policy: German-American relations, 1955-1968.NY:Peter Lang Publication.
Anholt-GMI. (2006).Nation Brands Index Report: Special report, Denmark’s international Image, Q1, Retrieved from www.nationbrandindex.com.
Appiah, K. A. (2006), Cosmopolitanism. Ethics in a world of strangers, London: Penguin Books.
Appiah, K.A. (2005). The ethics of identity, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Arndt, R.T. (2005).The first resort of kings: American cultural diplomacy in 20 century, US, Potomac Books.
Beck, U. (2002). The cosmopolitan society and its enemies, Theory, Culture and Society, Sage, London: Thousand Oaks and New Dehli, 19(1-2): 17-44.
Beck, Ulrich (2006). The cosmopolitan vision, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Beitz, C. (1994). Cosmopolitan liberalism and the states system. In Brown (Ed.), Political restructuring in Europe. Ethical perspectives, London: Routledge.
Beitz, C. R. (1983). Cosmopolitan ideals and national sentiment. Journal of Philosophy 80 (10):591-600
Burchill, S. (2001).Theories of international relations, New York: Palgrave.
Castells, M. (2000). The rise of the network society, Oxford: Blackwell.
Chafetz, G.et al. (1999).Tracing the influence of identity on foreign policy, Security Studies, 8(2-3).
Chossudovsky, M. (1998). The globalization of poverty: Impacts of IMF and World Bank reform, London: Pluto
Cosmopolitanism. (2006, November 28). Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmopolitanism/#2.
Constantinou, C. (1996).On the way to diplomacy, Minneapolis. Minnesota University Press.
Delanty, G. (2000). Citizenship in a global age, Buckingham: Open University Press.
Diogenes, L. (1895).The Lives and opinions of eminent philosophers, (Yonge C.D., Trans.).London: George Bell & Sons Public Domain.
Fan, Y. (2005).Branding the Nations: What is being branded? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12(1).
Giddens, A. (1999, June 7).Globalization: an irresistible force, in Daily Yomiuri, New York: Global Policy Forum, Retrieved from www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/.
Giddens, A. (2000). Runaway world: How globalization is reshaping our lives London: Routledge.
Gillian, B., & Brighouse, H. (2005). The political philosophy of cosmopolitanism, New York, Cambridge University Press.
Gilory, P. (2005) .After Empire: Multicultural of postcolonial melancholia, New York: Columbia University Press.
Habermas, J. (1997). Kant's idea of perpetual peace, with the benefit of two hundred years' hindsight. In perpetual peace: Essays on Kant's cosmopolitan ideal, (Ed.). James Bohman and Matthias Lutz-Bachmann, Cambridge: MIT Press, 113-53.
Hall, E. T. (1959).The Silent language, N.Y.: Doubleday/Anchor press.
Hall, S. (2002).Political belonging in a world of political identities in Vertovec.S. et al. (2002) Conceiving cosmopolitanism, Theory, concept and practice, Uk: Oxford University Press.
Hayden, P. (2005).Cosmopolitan global ethics, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Held, D. (1995). Democracy and the global order: From the nation-state to cosmopolitan governance, Cambridge: Polity.
Held, D. (1996). Models of democracy, Cambridge: Polity.
Held, D. (2002).Culture and political community: National, global and cosmopolitan, in Vertovec, S. and Cohen, R. (Eds.) Conceiving cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context, Practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Held, D. (2003).Cosmopolitanism: A defense. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Held, D. (2004).Global covenant: The social democratic alternatives to the Washington consensus, Cambridge, Polity press.
Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. & Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations: politics, economics and culture, Cambridge: Polity.
Hirst, P.Q. & Thompson, G. (1999).Globalization in question, Cambridge: Polity.
HuxleyJ. (1946).Unesco its purpose and its philosophy, Reprieved from www.unesco.org/images/0006 /000681/ 068197eo.pdf.
Kant, I. (1999).Toward perpetual peace in practical philosophy, Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. (Gregor M.J., Trans.). Cambridge University Press.
Kendall, G, Woodward, I., & Skrbis, Z. (2009).The Sociology of cosmopolitanism: Globalization, identity, culture and government, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kriegman, O. (2006).Dawn of cosmopolitan: The hope of global citizen’s movement, GTI Paper Series Boston, Tellus Institue, #15.
Macay, A. (2003).Cultural diplomacy of other nations, arts&minds Seminar, 14-15 April 2003.
Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy, soft power in international relations, UK, Palgrave.
Nhat Hanh, T. (1987), Being peace. Berkeley: Parallax.
Nussbaum, M. C. (1997). Kant and Stoic cosmopolitanism, in The Journal of Political Philosophy, Volume 5(1): 1-25
Nussbaum, M. C. (2006). Frontiers of justice: disability, nationality, species membership. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Nussbaum, M.C. (1996).Patriotism and cosmopolitanism, in Cohen, J. (Ed.) for love of country, Boston: Beacon Press.
Nye, J.S.Jr. (2004).Soft power: The means to success in world politics, Washington, D.C, Public Affairs.
O'Neill, O. (2000). Bounds of justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Onuf, N. (2003). Foreword in Jamie Frueh, political identity and social change: The remaking of the South African social order, Albany: state
Pitkin.H.F. (1967). The concept of representation. US, Berkeley University Press.
Pogge, T. W. (2001). Global justice. Oxford: Blackwell.
Pogge, T.w. (1994). Cosmopolitanism and sovereignty. In Brown, C. (Ed.), Political restructuring in Europe: ethical perspectives. London: Rout ledge
Price, R., & Reus C., Smit. (1998). Dangerous liaisons? Critical international theory and constructivism, European Journal of International Relations, 4(3).
Rajan, S.C. (2006).Global politics and institutions, GTI Paper Series, Boston, Tellus Institute, #3.
Rawls, J. (1999).The law of peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Ripper, V. (2004).Scared Sacred. Producers on Davie Pictures Inc.National Film Board of Canada.
Ritzer, G. (2004).The McDonaldization of society, Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge.
Scheffler, S. (2001). Boundaries and allegiances: Problems of justice and responsibility in liberal thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sharp, P. (1999). For diplomacy: Representation and the study of international relations, International Studies Review, 1.
Singer, P. (2004). One world: The ethics of globalization. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Snow, N., & Taylor, PH.N. (2009). Handbook of public diplomacy. London and New York, Routledge.
Stiglitz, J. (2003). Globalization and its discontents, Harmondsworth: Penguin
Unger, P. (1996).Living high and letting die: Our illusion of innocence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Villanueva, c. (2007).Representing cultural diplomacy: soft power, cosmopolitan constructivism and nation branding in Sweden and Mexico, Vaxjo University Press.
Wallerstein, I. (1979).The Capitalist world-economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wendt, A. (1992, spring) Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics, International Organization, 46(2).
Wendt, A. (1999).Social theory of international politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
Wyszomirski, M. et al. (2003). International cultural relations: A multi-country comparison, US, Arts Policy and Administration Program, US, Ohio State University Press.