The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 Analyzing the perspective of Iran-Germany relations in the 21st century Challenges and opportunities Analyzing the perspective of Iran-Germany relations in the 21st century Challenges and opportunities 7 36 150370 10.22034/irr.2022.326448.2127 FA Masoud Kiya . 0000-0003-2395-8046 Journal Article 2022 01 25 Establishing and developing economic and political relations with other countries has a special role in improving the situation of governments and ensuring their economic and political security. In order to achieve economic development and a favorable position in the structure of the world economy, the Islamic Republic of Iran needs a special look at other international actors, in particular, the Federal Republic of Germany in the European Union. It is important to examine what are the characteristics of the perspective of relations between Germany and Iran in the 21st century? The main question and purpose of this research is and in response, the claim and hypothesis of this research will be that; Iran-Germany relations in the 21st century have been strengthened by German security considerations as an international power and by Iran as a troublemaker. The findings of this study confirm that the security of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran since 2000, a serious obstacle to strengthening relations between the two countries and diminishing Iran's economic opportunities and capacities by Germany to the point of being a troublesome partner to Iran, It has been from this country. The research method of this paper is a qualitative explanation and efforts have been made to collect research data by using documentary sources. Establishing and developing economic and political relations with other countries has a special role in improving the situation of governments and ensuring their economic and political security. In order to achieve economic development and a favorable position in the structure of the world economy, the Islamic Republic of Iran needs a special look at other international actors, in particular, the Federal Republic of Germany in the European Union. It is important to examine what are the characteristics of the perspective of relations between Germany and Iran in the 21st century? The main question and purpose of this research is and in response, the claim and hypothesis of this research will be that; Iran-Germany relations in the 21st century have been strengthened by German security considerations as an international power and by Iran as a troublemaker. The findings of this study confirm that the security of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran since 2000, a serious obstacle to strengthening relations between the two countries and diminishing Iran's economic opportunities and capacities by Germany to the point of being a troublesome partner to Iran, It has been from this country. The research method of this paper is a qualitative explanation and efforts have been made to collect research data by using documentary sources.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_150370_42c9f02a512c1b17541a57a71dcfa20e.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 Epistemic systems and protective belt of Iranian foreign policy Epistemic systems and protective belt of Iranian foreign policy 37 70 155056 10.22034/irr.2022.168423.1375 FA Ruhollah Eslami Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 0000-0001-7429-6105 Zahra Akbari Master of International Relations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Journal Article 2019 01 19 Thoughts are strategic; that is, if the mind can understand the conditions of its time and enter into power struggles by elites with socially available concepts, it can form an epistemic system that influences the facts. Foreign policy in most countries in the world has epistemic systems; that is, foreign policy actions refer to an epistemic logic, structure and package that is not so obvious. Each epistemic system has fundamentals, scholars, schools, concepts, sponsoring countries, implications, and, ultimately, analysis that helps analyze and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of foreign policy. In this paper, we examine Iran's foreign policy using a theoretical framework derived from a combination of the theories of Cohen's paradigm, the epistemic belts of Lakatos, Aparatus Althusser, and Foucault's epistemic. The question is, what kind of epistemic systems does Iran's foreign policy have and what systems did they intend to form around Iran? In this article, five Shiite, Islamic, revolutionary, national, modern and postmodern epistemological systems will be examined and each of them will analyze the foundations, institutions, consequences and applied pathology of Iranian foreign policy Thoughts are strategic; that is, if the mind can understand the conditions of its time and enter into power struggles by elites with socially available concepts, it can form an epistemic system that influences the facts. Foreign policy in most countries in the world has epistemic systems; that is, foreign policy actions refer to an epistemic logic, structure and package that is not so obvious. Each epistemic system has fundamentals, scholars, schools, concepts, sponsoring countries, implications, and, ultimately, analysis that helps analyze and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of foreign policy. In this paper, we examine Iran's foreign policy using a theoretical framework derived from a combination of the theories of Cohen's paradigm, the epistemic belts of Lakatos, Aparatus Althusser, and Foucault's epistemic. The question is, what kind of epistemic systems does Iran's foreign policy have and what systems did they intend to form around Iran? In this article, five Shiite, Islamic, revolutionary, national, modern and postmodern epistemological systems will be examined and each of them will analyze the foundations, institutions, consequences and applied pathology of Iranian foreign policy

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_155056_3c3810d26de63e5d40ce5cdb7a66c4f9.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 The Great Powers and Classical International Law; Case Study, England The Great Powers and Classical International Law; Case Study, England 71 97 154703 10.22034/irr.2022.252646.1839 FA Mahdi Zolfaghari Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Lorestan University Abouzar Omrani PhD in International Relations, Allameh Tabatabai University 0000-0002-1086-8781 Journal Article 2020 10 13 In the opinion of many scholars, international law has grown and formed in the pursuit of the goals of the great powers in the recent century. On this basis, the role of the great powers in the formation and development of international law is somewhat vague and contradictory. This is the question to consider: Why and how great powers of the international system are determinative in the formation and expansion of international law? Although governments seem to be legally equal, but the great powers have a key role in shaping and expanding international law through institutionalization, treaty formulation, interpretation of laws and by normalization, due to their different capacities. Given that the great powers want to maintain the rules governing the international order to establish their position, it is considered to create and extend legal rules in their interests. Because legal rules and international institutions can reduce the cost of maintaining the system and increase the legitimacy of the actions of great powers. So the present study claims great powers are shaper, stabilizers and advocates of legal rule. In this way, the present study intends to study the role of international powers in the creation and expansion of international law based on a descriptive-analytical method and using historical evidence and utilizing library practices. In the opinion of many scholars, international law has grown and formed in the pursuit of the goals of the great powers in the recent century. On this basis, the role of the great powers in the formation and development of international law is somewhat vague and contradictory. This is the question to consider: Why and how great powers of the international system are determinative in the formation and expansion of international law? Although governments seem to be legally equal, but the great powers have a key role in shaping and expanding international law through institutionalization, treaty formulation, interpretation of laws and by normalization, due to their different capacities. Given that the great powers want to maintain the rules governing the international order to establish their position, it is considered to create and extend legal rules in their interests. Because legal rules and international institutions can reduce the cost of maintaining the system and increase the legitimacy of the actions of great powers. So the present study claims great powers are shaper, stabilizers and advocates of legal rule. In this way, the present study intends to study the role of international powers in the creation and expansion of international law based on a descriptive-analytical method and using historical evidence and utilizing library practices.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_154703_7e8cbf99519e97612d8454eadd2bee9f.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 ISIS hydroterrorism in the Middle East ISIS hydroterrorism in the Middle East 99 129 154704 10.22034/irr.2022.293194.1999 FA Saleh Salavarzi Zadeh Department of Political Science, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Isfahan University of Isfahan 0000-0003-1537-9335 Saeed Vosoughi international relation, isfahan university, iran 0000-0002-0965-2668 Hossein Mokhtari Hashi ،Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2021 07 02 The Middle East and North Africa are located in the warm and dry belt of the planet and despite living, about 7% of the world's population has less than one and a half percent of the freshwater of the planet. This region is facing two crises entitled: 1. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and 2. The other is the water crisis. The element of water has always been an important, strategic and influential factor in the political equations of the Middle East, and in this regard, the United Nations has referred to the water crisis in the Middle East as "silent ISIS". The purpose of this study was to investigate the aims, methods and consequences of ISIL's instrumental use of water in Iraq and Syria. The central question raised in this article is: What role did the element of water play in the establishment, consolidation and consolidation of ISIL? In answer to this question and as a research hypothesis, it should be stated: It seems that ISIL has used water as a tool for land development, extortion, extortion, and monetization. The findings of the article indicate that water is a tool and weapon in the hands of ISIL to fulfill its strategic goals, which is the survival, consolidation and consolidation of its government, and has objectified the concept of "hydro-terrorism" through conventional and unconventional use of water. Used in this article is descriptive-analytical and library tools, documents and Internet resources have been used to collect data. The Middle East and North Africa are located in the warm and dry belt of the planet and despite living, about 7% of the world's population has less than one and a half percent of the freshwater of the planet. This region is facing two crises entitled: 1. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and 2. The other is the water crisis. The element of water has always been an important, strategic and influential factor in the political equations of the Middle East, and in this regard, the United Nations has referred to the water crisis in the Middle East as "silent ISIS". The purpose of this study was to investigate the aims, methods and consequences of ISIL's instrumental use of water in Iraq and Syria. The central question raised in this article is: What role did the element of water play in the establishment, consolidation and consolidation of ISIL? In answer to this question and as a research hypothesis, it should be stated: It seems that ISIL has used water as a tool for land development, extortion, extortion, and monetization. The findings of the article indicate that water is a tool and weapon in the hands of ISIL to fulfill its strategic goals, which is the survival, consolidation and consolidation of its government, and has objectified the concept of "hydro-terrorism" through conventional and unconventional use of water. Used in this article is descriptive-analytical and library tools, documents and Internet resources have been used to collect data.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_154704_3d360668e435065cc8604904ae4860db.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 The evolution of environmental crimes in the light of the development of international environmental rules The evolution of environmental crimes in the light of the development of international environmental rules 131 150 145582 10.22034/irr.2022.295743.2009 FA Journal Article 2021 07 18 Environmental protection is considered as one of the basic values of society and one of the concerns of international law. Despite the differences that countries have in their approach to the issue of the environment, they all agree on one thing: the importance of conservation. Following these concerns, a large number of international instruments related to environmental protection have been visualized and implemented, and the same trend is observed in international law. In this regard, legal and criminal protection of the environment is a priority of the measures taken. It is clear that by identifying the harmful factors to the environment and determining the guarantee of appropriate performances, the severity of the damage can be reduced to some extent and the future of the environment can be hoped for. In this paper, descriptive-analytical method of environmental crimes and the performance of the penal system in dealing with these crimes in international and domestic law are examined. Finally, it seems that the expansion of cooperation and interaction between governments in the international arena, as well as the establishment of authoritative and fundamental rules with the necessary legitimacy, in the form of an independent and specialized basic structure in this field can be an effective action to achieve Complete goals in this area. Environmental protection is considered as one of the basic values of society and one of the concerns of international law. Despite the differences that countries have in their approach to the issue of the environment, they all agree on one thing: the importance of conservation. Following these concerns, a large number of international instruments related to environmental protection have been visualized and implemented, and the same trend is observed in international law. In this regard, legal and criminal protection of the environment is a priority of the measures taken. It is clear that by identifying the harmful factors to the environment and determining the guarantee of appropriate performances, the severity of the damage can be reduced to some extent and the future of the environment can be hoped for. In this paper, descriptive-analytical method of environmental crimes and the performance of the penal system in dealing with these crimes in international and domestic law are examined. Finally, it seems that the expansion of cooperation and interaction between governments in the international arena, as well as the establishment of authoritative and fundamental rules with the necessary legitimacy, in the form of an independent and specialized basic structure in this field can be an effective action to achieve Complete goals in this area.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_145582_03c1840715b939090a6160f27d666ec3.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy: Case of AUKUS U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy: Case of AUKUS 151 182 154702 10.22034/irr.2022.339084.2177 FA Taha Akrami university of Tehran Journal Article 2022 04 24 The three countries of Australia, Britain and the United States signed a security agreement on September 15, 2021, which, although it did not seem to have a specific audience, but it faced a strong reaction from China, Russia, France and the European Union. Each of these countries had its own concerns about the agreement, with China and Russia considering it a threat, and the European Union and France also outraged by the ignorance and cancellation of the French submarine agreement. B y using descriptive analytical method and applying the concept of "new superiority", this study intends to explain the necessity of this agreement in the US strategy and its consequence; So the main question of the article is, with focus on AKUS, what is the US strategy towards the Indo-Pacific region and what will be the consequences of this agreement be? The hypothesis is that the US strategy is to confront China directly; while Europe's strategy, on the other hand, is to prevent entering in Great powers competition and not to confront China directly. Thus, the United States, by eliminating the European Union, and especially France, set up an independent mechanism to respond to challenges and threats, thereby warning other allies and partners. The most important consequences are weakening adherence to non-proliferation, increase in arms race, reduce in European confidence in the United States, making China more aggressive in the region, and further moving toward strategic European independence. The three countries of Australia, Britain and the United States signed a security agreement on September 15, 2021, which, although it did not seem to have a specific audience, but it faced a strong reaction from China, Russia, France and the European Union. Each of these countries had its own concerns about the agreement, with China and Russia considering it a threat, and the European Union and France also outraged by the ignorance and cancellation of the French submarine agreement. B y using descriptive analytical method and applying the concept of "new superiority", this study intends to explain the necessity of this agreement in the US strategy and its consequence; So the main question of the article is, with focus on AKUS, what is the US strategy towards the Indo-Pacific region and what will be the consequences of this agreement be? The hypothesis is that the US strategy is to confront China directly; while Europe's strategy, on the other hand, is to prevent entering in Great powers competition and not to confront China directly. Thus, the United States, by eliminating the European Union, and especially France, set up an independent mechanism to respond to challenges and threats, thereby warning other allies and partners. The most important consequences are weakening adherence to non-proliferation, increase in arms race, reduce in European confidence in the United States, making China more aggressive in the region, and further moving toward strategic European independence.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_154702_3f3209a88daa2463c8c5c46442a9981a.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 Explanation the Role of the World Trade Organisation Dispute Settlement Body in the Development of International Law Explanation the Role of the World Trade Organisation Dispute Settlement Body in the Development of International Law 183 211 155864 10.22034/irr.2022.334439.2162 FA Seyed Ghasem Zamani Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Allameh Tabataba'i University Mohsen Ghasemi PhD students in International Law, Department of Public and International Law, Allameh Tabatabai University Campus, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 03 16 The emergence of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body as one of the pillars of an international organization in the field of international dispute resolution in the field of trade is a new development and phenomenon in international law. This evolution is the result of an evolutionary process that in various ways has affected the structure and body of the international legal system and some of its concepts, and has led to its expansion in terms of the implementation of international law among more subjects of international law and in terms of The development of some institutions of international law has been in the structural field of this system. This institution has initiated a new religion in the method of dispute resolution in the international dispute resolution system in general and in the field of commercial dispute resolution, in particular, which is unique in the system of international law. On the one hand, this institution, as an active player in the general structure of the international legal system and as a diplomatic center, has played an effective role in the development of international law in the field of international dispute resolution by developing mandatory competence among its members. On the other hand, this institution has developed this system with its unique elements and functions, multi-stage proceedings, timing of proceedings, accuracy and speed in resolving international disputes, and has ensured the implementation of the opinions of the Dispute Settlement Body. The emergence of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body as one of the pillars of an international organization in the field of international dispute resolution in the field of trade is a new development and phenomenon in international law. This evolution is the result of an evolutionary process that in various ways has affected the structure and body of the international legal system and some of its concepts, and has led to its expansion in terms of the implementation of international law among more subjects of international law and in terms of The development of some institutions of international law has been in the structural field of this system. This institution has initiated a new religion in the method of dispute resolution in the international dispute resolution system in general and in the field of commercial dispute resolution, in particular, which is unique in the system of international law. On the one hand, this institution, as an active player in the general structure of the international legal system and as a diplomatic center, has played an effective role in the development of international law in the field of international dispute resolution by developing mandatory competence among its members. On the other hand, this institution has developed this system with its unique elements and functions, multi-stage proceedings, timing of proceedings, accuracy and speed in resolving international disputes, and has ensured the implementation of the opinions of the Dispute Settlement Body.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_155864_534a8b886f4caf633c14b5d6839f5673.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 The impact of possible scenarios of Saudi-American military cooperation on Iran's interests in West Asia The impact of possible scenarios of Saudi-American military cooperation on Iran's interests in West Asia 213 243 155865 10.22034/irr.2022.353375.2234 FA Ali Khodaei PhD student of International Relations, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Mohammad Yosefi Joybari Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University Tabriz, Iran. Mohammad Ghorbanigolshanabad Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Khwarazmi University, Iran. Journal Article 2022 07 25 After World War I and II, with the aim of establishing a new world order and creating a new Middle East and reducing the authority of the Middle East against the Western world, the main players were the United States, England, and France. The 21st century witnessed many developments, including the collapse of regional governments, the active presence of the United States with the aim of engineering democracy but hegemony and becoming the main actor due to its dominance over development resources (oil, water, natural raw resources). In the meantime, some countries in the region, including Saudi Arabia (the political system of the kingdom), due to their historical enmity and inability to develop domestically and increase their defense-military power with extra-regional actors (America), developed cooperation scenarios with the aim of confronting Iran. As an important and strategic regional power, against the game of the first world order (America) with Saudi Arabia in the Middle East, Iran puts its national security interests at the top of its priority. Based on this, the main goal of the current research is to study possible and desirable scenarios of Saudi Arabia's arms cooperation with the United States of America, emphasizing the security and national interests of Iran. The research method is a historical-analytical study and the security order study unit of the West Asian region has used first-hand documents, scientific works (articles and books) as well as authoritative organizational documents to answer this question in the period of 2018-2019. After World War I and II, with the aim of establishing a new world order and creating a new Middle East and reducing the authority of the Middle East against the Western world, the main players were the United States, England, and France. The 21st century witnessed many developments, including the collapse of regional governments, the active presence of the United States with the aim of engineering democracy but hegemony and becoming the main actor due to its dominance over development resources (oil, water, natural raw resources). In the meantime, some countries in the region, including Saudi Arabia (the political system of the kingdom), due to their historical enmity and inability to develop domestically and increase their defense-military power with extra-regional actors (America), developed cooperation scenarios with the aim of confronting Iran. As an important and strategic regional power, against the game of the first world order (America) with Saudi Arabia in the Middle East, Iran puts its national security interests at the top of its priority. Based on this, the main goal of the current research is to study possible and desirable scenarios of Saudi Arabia's arms cooperation with the United States of America, emphasizing the security and national interests of Iran. The research method is a historical-analytical study and the security order study unit of the West Asian region has used first-hand documents, scientific works (articles and books) as well as authoritative organizational documents to answer this question in the period of 2018-2019.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_155865_a1716fb8853091e39a8d0065ef7d3de0.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 The role of will and intention of legal commitment in Iranian law and the principles of European contract law The role of will and intention of legal commitment in Iranian law and the principles of European contract law 245 264 156300 10.22034/irr.2022.345718.2198 FA Seyedeh Maryam Asadinejad PhD student in private law, Department of Law, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran. Javad Vahedizadeh Assistant Professor of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, Department of Theology, Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Law, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran. Alireza Salehifar Assistant Professor of International Trade Law, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 06 05 The Rules of PECL are laid down by the European Union to uniform the rules of the member states for convergence and to create economic between the countries. The study and implementation of these regulations can be a model. In this article, one of the main pillars of contract formation based on the PECL and Iranian is examined.Among the conditions for the validity of the contract, the will and intention to sign both in Iranian law and in the PECL as the intention of legal obligation has been the most important condition for concluding the contract. The purpose of special ceremonies was only to achieve the intention of the parties. So that even putting considration or writing a contract has been to achieve the real intention of the parties. Today, most of the regulations for legal acts reduce the formalities and do not even consider it necessary to conclude a legal act and a contract in the form of requirement and acceptance. The stipulation of the Intention to be legally bound in the PECL indicates the importance of this issue so that it is not invalidated. In some cases the intention of the parties may differ from what has been stated.The question arises as to whether the PECL, in comparison with Iranian law, are based on esoteric will or apparent will? In order to achieve the intent of creation, an objective criterion should be considered or subjective criterion? The PECL in this regard are not significantly different from Iranian law. The Rules of PECL are laid down by the European Union to uniform the rules of the member states for convergence and to create economic between the countries. The study and implementation of these regulations can be a model. In this article, one of the main pillars of contract formation based on the PECL and Iranian is examined.Among the conditions for the validity of the contract, the will and intention to sign both in Iranian law and in the PECL as the intention of legal obligation has been the most important condition for concluding the contract. The purpose of special ceremonies was only to achieve the intention of the parties. So that even putting considration or writing a contract has been to achieve the real intention of the parties. Today, most of the regulations for legal acts reduce the formalities and do not even consider it necessary to conclude a legal act and a contract in the form of requirement and acceptance. The stipulation of the Intention to be legally bound in the PECL indicates the importance of this issue so that it is not invalidated. In some cases the intention of the parties may differ from what has been stated.The question arises as to whether the PECL, in comparison with Iranian law, are based on esoteric will or apparent will? In order to achieve the intent of creation, an objective criterion should be considered or subjective criterion? The PECL in this regard are not significantly different from Iranian law.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_156300_abe25c6f422ad97641737fd7de0a9d16.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 The role of the Shiite clergy in the constitutional movement a case study of the role of Allameh Mirza Mohammad Hossein Nayini Gharavi The role of the Shiite clergy in the constitutional movement a case study of the role of Allameh Mirza Mohammad Hossein Nayini Gharavi 265 291 158582 10.22034/irr.2022.357190.2246 FA Rohollah Tahernia History Department,, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5128-4803 Reza Shabani Samgh Abadi Professor of History Department, Research Sciences Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Sina Foroozesh Associate Professor, Department of History, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2022 08 21 Iran's constitutional movement was one of the events that occurred in the history of Iran during the Qajar period and brought about the highest transformation in the political, social and cultural affairs of Iran. They established the foundations of the constitutional movement under their leadership and with the support of the people in the tobacco movement, and it was the victory in this movement that provided the foundation for the constitutional movement and Islamic movements. After the tobacco movement, the clerics, as a reference group, took the leadership of the people against the internal tyranny of the Qajar government and foreign colonialism, and they had no eyes for the fruition of the constitutional movement to limit the power of the king and to raise the awareness and awareness of the people. They tried their rights and duties. One of these clerics who played a role in the constitutional movement and discussed the need for a constitution was Allamah Nayini. He played a very important role in the constitutional movement by authoring the famous and valuable book "Tanbiyyah Ummah wa Tanziyeh al-Mullah". The research method in this study is historical, descriptive-analytical. The findings and results of the research indicate the role of the Shia clergy and especially the role of Allameh Nayini in the constitutional movement. Research hypothesis: In the constitutional movement, Allama Nayini played a very important role in informing the people to limit the power of the Qajar kings by stating the necessity of the existence of a constitution. Iran's constitutional movement was one of the events that occurred in the history of Iran during the Qajar period and brought about the highest transformation in the political, social and cultural affairs of Iran. They established the foundations of the constitutional movement under their leadership and with the support of the people in the tobacco movement, and it was the victory in this movement that provided the foundation for the constitutional movement and Islamic movements. After the tobacco movement, the clerics, as a reference group, took the leadership of the people against the internal tyranny of the Qajar government and foreign colonialism, and they had no eyes for the fruition of the constitutional movement to limit the power of the king and to raise the awareness and awareness of the people. They tried their rights and duties. One of these clerics who played a role in the constitutional movement and discussed the need for a constitution was Allamah Nayini. He played a very important role in the constitutional movement by authoring the famous and valuable book "Tanbiyyah Ummah wa Tanziyeh al-Mullah". The research method in this study is historical, descriptive-analytical. The findings and results of the research indicate the role of the Shia clergy and especially the role of Allameh Nayini in the constitutional movement. Research hypothesis: In the constitutional movement, Allama Nayini played a very important role in informing the people to limit the power of the Qajar kings by stating the necessity of the existence of a constitution.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_158582_047bdab267330d6f5e0079fba497b6cd.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 The political economy of the insurance industry in Iran: examining the pattern of consumer behavior based on the Foundation's data approach The political economy of the insurance industry in Iran: examining the pattern of consumer behavior based on the Foundation's data approach 293 322 160016 10.22034/irr.2022.364149.2279 FA Maryam Yeganehzadeh PhD student, Department of Business Management, Semnan branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Farshad Faezi Razi Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Management, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Seyed Abdollah Heydariyeh Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Management, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Journal Article 2022 10 01 Today's most successful companies build their entire business around the customer, and for the customer, experience is the single most important determinant of loyalty. 84% of customers say that the experience a company offers is as important as its products or services - and yet there is a huge gap between what a customer expects and what most businesses actually offer. Customer orientation and attention to consumer behavior is the key to the success of many service businesses, of which insurance companies are one. The purpose of this study is to provide a model of consumer behavior in obtaining new insurance services based on the data approach of the foundation. The statistical population of this study included 17 Experts from academic and insurance industry who were selected by snowball method and interviews were used to collect the required data. In this study, an attempt was made to interview people who have more than ten years of work experience and have knowledge of issues related to consumer behavior and modern insurance services. Data were analyzed using a qualitative method and data approach of the foundation. Data analysis was performed by open, centralized and selective coding and finally led to the presentation of the final model including six main dimensions and twenty-seven sub-dimensions.The results show that the pattern of consumer behavior in obtaining new insurance services revolves around the central category of marketing of new insurance services and development of services. Today's most successful companies build their entire business around the customer, and for the customer, experience is the single most important determinant of loyalty. 84% of customers say that the experience a company offers is as important as its products or services - and yet there is a huge gap between what a customer expects and what most businesses actually offer. Customer orientation and attention to consumer behavior is the key to the success of many service businesses, of which insurance companies are one. The purpose of this study is to provide a model of consumer behavior in obtaining new insurance services based on the data approach of the foundation. The statistical population of this study included 17 Experts from academic and insurance industry who were selected by snowball method and interviews were used to collect the required data. In this study, an attempt was made to interview people who have more than ten years of work experience and have knowledge of issues related to consumer behavior and modern insurance services. Data were analyzed using a qualitative method and data approach of the foundation. Data analysis was performed by open, centralized and selective coding and finally led to the presentation of the final model including six main dimensions and twenty-seven sub-dimensions.The results show that the pattern of consumer behavior in obtaining new insurance services revolves around the central category of marketing of new insurance services and development of services.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_160016_e13f35c964c3eb59321d8ab8bae08f6b.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 دین و توسعه در ترکیه : برآیند عقلانیت نهادی دین و توسعه در ترکیه : برآیند عقلانیت نهادی 293 322 183870 10.22034/irr.2023.417026.2445 FA Maryam Malmir PhD student in political science, Iranian issues, Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Siamak Bahrami Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran Hamidreza Saidinejad Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran. Iraj Ranjbar Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran. Ali Moradi Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Islamabad West Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamabad West, Iran. 0000-0002-1644-463X Journal Article 2023 09 19 ترکیه در مقایسه با دیگر کشورهای اسلامی توانسته با سهولت بیشتری با مدرنیسم غرب کنارآید. نخستین تلاشهای فکری برای آشتی میان سنن اسلامی با مدرنیته و توسعه به سبک غربی ، ابتدا در قرن نوزدهم در ترکیه بوجود آمد .ترکیه به عبارتی موفق ترین کشور اسلامی در ترکیب کردن جامعه مسلمان با دولت مدرن و توسعه گرا از قرن هجدهم تا کنون بوده است . واکاوی ریشه های این موفقیت ترکیه البته می تواند معلول عوامل مختلفی باشد ولی بطور ویژه واکاوی آن بخش از این موضوع که به ویژگی های خاص نهاد مذهب در ترکیه مربوط میشود ، موضوع اصلی این پژوهش است. این مقاله از نوع پژوهش های بنیادی و مبتنی بر روش توصیفی- تحلیلی ، تلاش نموده که فرضیه مناسب در به این سوال مهم را در سه حوزه جستجو نماید : نزدیکی جفرافیایی ترکیه به حوزه تمدنی اروپا ، گستردگی طریقت ها در ترکیه ، و برخی ویژگی های خاص مذهب حنفی در ترکیه ، یافته های این پژوهش ، در مقام پاسخ به سوال اصلی می باشند. ترکیه در مقایسه با دیگر کشورهای اسلامی توانسته با سهولت بیشتری با مدرنیسم غرب کنارآید. نخستین تلاشهای فکری برای آشتی میان سنن اسلامی با مدرنیته و توسعه به سبک غربی ، ابتدا در قرن نوزدهم در ترکیه بوجود آمد .ترکیه به عبارتی موفق ترین کشور اسلامی در ترکیب کردن جامعه مسلمان با دولت مدرن و توسعه گرا از قرن هجدهم تا کنون بوده است . واکاوی ریشه های این موفقیت ترکیه البته می تواند معلول عوامل مختلفی باشد ولی بطور ویژه واکاوی آن بخش از این موضوع که به ویژگی های خاص نهاد مذهب در ترکیه مربوط میشود ، موضوع اصلی این پژوهش است. این مقاله از نوع پژوهش های بنیادی و مبتنی بر روش توصیفی- تحلیلی ، تلاش نموده که فرضیه مناسب در به این سوال مهم را در سه حوزه جستجو نماید : نزدیکی جفرافیایی ترکیه به حوزه تمدنی اروپا ، گستردگی طریقت ها در ترکیه ، و برخی ویژگی های خاص مذهب حنفی در ترکیه ، یافته های این پژوهش ، در مقام پاسخ به سوال اصلی می باشند.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_183870_c1a78d295b75f40a0e2d31321f72b291.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 Study of tourist rights in the legal system of Islam and Iran and its comparison with international documents Study of tourist rights in the legal system of Islam and Iran and its comparison with international documents 323 347 184559 10.22034/irr.2022.352594.2233 FA Yousef Niazi PhD student in Public International law, Payam Noor University,, Tehran, Iran. Seyd Bagher Mirabbassi Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran Jalal Sultan Ahmadi Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Payam Noor University, , Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2022 07 20 The present study seeks to study of tourist rights in the legal system of Islam and Iran and its comparison with international documents. From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space of the subject, shall be study the rights of tourists. In this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is libraries. What shows the necessity and importance this article, This is it; Iran despite its high potential for attracting tourism, it has not been able to succeed in this field and an important part this issue goes back the weakness tourism laws and rights in Iran which are very general, vague, lack high executive guarantees and lack of expertise. Then the question arises what rights can be enumerated for the tourist in the legal system of Islam and Iran? The research findings indicate that Freedom of opinion and tolerance, protection of life, property, right to security, and protection from oppression are among the common rights of Tourist in the two legal systems of Iran and Islam. The result of this article is that first, there is not much difference between Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law in comparing tourist law , but in the field of determining examples of tourist rights, Iranian law has been influenced by Islamic jurisprudence; secondly, compared to international documents ,many legal obstacles, such as misinterpretation of the constitution, lack of necessary guarantees for tourists, and lack of standardization of laws with international structures are seen in the relevant Iranian laws. The present study seeks to study of tourist rights in the legal system of Islam and Iran and its comparison with international documents. From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space of the subject, shall be study the rights of tourists. In this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is libraries. What shows the necessity and importance this article, This is it; Iran despite its high potential for attracting tourism, it has not been able to succeed in this field and an important part this issue goes back the weakness tourism laws and rights in Iran which are very general, vague, lack high executive guarantees and lack of expertise. Then the question arises what rights can be enumerated for the tourist in the legal system of Islam and Iran? The research findings indicate that Freedom of opinion and tolerance, protection of life, property, right to security, and protection from oppression are among the common rights of Tourist in the two legal systems of Iran and Islam. The result of this article is that first, there is not much difference between Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law in comparing tourist law , but in the field of determining examples of tourist rights, Iranian law has been influenced by Islamic jurisprudence; secondly, compared to international documents ,many legal obstacles, such as misinterpretation of the constitution, lack of necessary guarantees for tourists, and lack of standardization of laws with international structures are seen in the relevant Iranian laws.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_184559_10025989981f6a3870ef8e0a2b1dd7fa.pdf

The Iranian Association of International Studies International Relations Researches 2251-8444 12 2 2022 07 23 The positions of the international society of states regarding the 2017 referendum of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region The positions of the international society of states regarding the 2017 referendum of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region 349 371 190784 10.22034/irr.2022.190784 FA Shaxavan Sorani PhD Student in Department of Law, Research Sciences Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Ibad Ruhi Assistant Professor in Department of Law, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. Javanmir Abdolahi Assistant Professor in Department of Law, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Journal Article 2024 02 21 The Kurdish region of Iraq's referendum in 2017 on independence has been a matter of contention for a long time, significantly impacting the political landscape of the Middle East. On September 25, 2017, the autonomous Kurdistan region of Iraq held a referendum to decide on its independence. The results of this referendum were rejected by the international community, particularly neighboring countries of Iraq, primarily due to concerns about its potential ramifications on the population and its impact on the Middle East region. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of governments regarding the 2017 referendum in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The main question posed in this study is how the governmental performance regarding the Kurdish region of Iraq's independence referendum is evaluated legally. The research methodology employed is analytical-descriptive, and the data collection method is library-based. Despite the fulfillment of all historical and practical conditions for independence, independence was not achieved due to the lack of recognition by governments. The results of the research indicate that Iraq and opposing governments have relied on the constitution and the necessity to preserve the territorial integrity and unity of the country. However, the full implementation of the new Iraqi constitution, which guarantees the country's unity, has not been realized. The Iraqi government has so far violated or disregarded the rights of the Kurdish people. Due to the violation of 55 articles of the constitution, the principle cannot be enforced as a result. Considering these reasons, it can be said that the governments' performance regarding the holding of the 2017 referendum in the Kurdistan region is political. The Kurdish region of Iraq's referendum in 2017 on independence has been a matter of contention for a long time, significantly impacting the political landscape of the Middle East. On September 25, 2017, the autonomous Kurdistan region of Iraq held a referendum to decide on its independence. The results of this referendum were rejected by the international community, particularly neighboring countries of Iraq, primarily due to concerns about its potential ramifications on the population and its impact on the Middle East region. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of governments regarding the 2017 referendum in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The main question posed in this study is how the governmental performance regarding the Kurdish region of Iraq's independence referendum is evaluated legally. The research methodology employed is analytical-descriptive, and the data collection method is library-based. Despite the fulfillment of all historical and practical conditions for independence, independence was not achieved due to the lack of recognition by governments. The results of the research indicate that Iraq and opposing governments have relied on the constitution and the necessity to preserve the territorial integrity and unity of the country. However, the full implementation of the new Iraqi constitution, which guarantees the country's unity, has not been realized. The Iraqi government has so far violated or disregarded the rights of the Kurdish people. Due to the violation of 55 articles of the constitution, the principle cannot be enforced as a result. Considering these reasons, it can be said that the governments' performance regarding the holding of the 2017 referendum in the Kurdistan region is political.

https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_190784_4f3d0af8bc65d12a604d8d62e0d7f044.pdf