The Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321U.S.-China Strategic Competition in Build Back Better World and Belt and Road InitiativeU.S.-China Strategic Competition in Build Back Better World and Belt and Road Initiative75016694110.22034/irr.2023.354756.2241FAHosseinDaheshiarProfessor of International Relations, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, IranMehdiPourbagherM.A. Student of Regional Studies,, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2097-6241Journal Article20220803China is increasingly seeking to define its superior position in the international system during Xi Jinping's administration. In doing so, one of the main strategies of Beijing to expand its economic-political influence in around the world is the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI), which is a comprehensive infrastructure plan that could be game-changer in the current Great Power competition of the international system between the United States and the People's Republic of China. Regarding this issue, the U.S. during the presidency of Joe Biden, together with its international allies in the “Group of 7” (G7), proposed a rival global initiative with the same infrastructural factors called “Build Back Better World” (B3W) to compete with the Chinese one. This research aims to examine the extent of how much the U.S., along with its main allies, could compete with the Chinese plan through different strategies. The main finding of the research is that the “Established Power” and the “Rising Power” of international system are in a strategic competition for global supremacy in conducting these initiatives with different spheres of political, economic and ideological worldviews. By applying the “Realism School” theory, the research examines the strategic competition between U.S. and China as the great powers of the International System. Based on the research question, the methodology of the paper is qualitative data analysis and the data has been collected from library sources, statements and valid documents from think tanks and international strategic research institutes.China is increasingly seeking to define its superior position in the international system during Xi Jinping's administration. In doing so, one of the main strategies of Beijing to expand its economic-political influence in around the world is the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI), which is a comprehensive infrastructure plan that could be game-changer in the current Great Power competition of the international system between the United States and the People's Republic of China. Regarding this issue, the U.S. during the presidency of Joe Biden, together with its international allies in the “Group of 7” (G7), proposed a rival global initiative with the same infrastructural factors called “Build Back Better World” (B3W) to compete with the Chinese one. This research aims to examine the extent of how much the U.S., along with its main allies, could compete with the Chinese plan through different strategies. The main finding of the research is that the “Established Power” and the “Rising Power” of international system are in a strategic competition for global supremacy in conducting these initiatives with different spheres of political, economic and ideological worldviews. By applying the “Realism School” theory, the research examines the strategic competition between U.S. and China as the great powers of the International System. Based on the research question, the methodology of the paper is qualitative data analysis and the data has been collected from library sources, statements and valid documents from think tanks and international strategic research institutes.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_166941_629a1538d826c1ed989d97edd6745f88.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321China's economic diplomacy in South Asia: the regional opportunities and challengesChina's economic diplomacy in South Asia: the regional opportunities and challenges517616694210.22034/irr.2023.381481.2335FAFariborzArghavani Pirsalamiassistant professor, shiraz university0000-0002-6180-7751HoseinAlipourshiraz university0000-0001-6362-5540Journal Article20230115China's global rise over the past few decades has given rise to economic diplomacy in its foreign policy as a tool to help economic growth and pursuing national interests in the international arena. What is striking about this type of Beijing's diplomacy is the use of regional cooperation to advance economic interests in various regions, including South Asia. The main purpose of this article is to examine the multiple dimensions of China's economic diplomacy in this region. Relying on analytical-descriptive method and using various library resources and economic statistics, the present article seeks to provide an answer to the question of what are thce characteristics of China's economic diplomacy in South Asia? In this regard, it can be said that despite the significant economic opportunities in the region for Chinese economic diplomacy, there are significant challenges against it. Findings show that China's economic diplomacy in South Asia benefits from opportunities such as the region's large consumer market, the region's need to attract foreign investment, the transit position of the Indian Ocean, the capacity of the SAARC to develop cooperation and geo-economic and geopolitical opportunities in Gwadar port. Challenges of this type of diplomacy include the presence of rival powers, the fragility of stability and security of regional governments, and competition and economic weakness within the region.China's global rise over the past few decades has given rise to economic diplomacy in its foreign policy as a tool to help economic growth and pursuing national interests in the international arena. What is striking about this type of Beijing's diplomacy is the use of regional cooperation to advance economic interests in various regions, including South Asia. The main purpose of this article is to examine the multiple dimensions of China's economic diplomacy in this region. Relying on analytical-descriptive method and using various library resources and economic statistics, the present article seeks to provide an answer to the question of what are thce characteristics of China's economic diplomacy in South Asia? In this regard, it can be said that despite the significant economic opportunities in the region for Chinese economic diplomacy, there are significant challenges against it. Findings show that China's economic diplomacy in South Asia benefits from opportunities such as the region's large consumer market, the region's need to attract foreign investment, the transit position of the Indian Ocean, the capacity of the SAARC to develop cooperation and geo-economic and geopolitical opportunities in Gwadar port. Challenges of this type of diplomacy include the presence of rival powers, the fragility of stability and security of regional governments, and competition and economic weakness within the region.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_166942_6504b92a7cdf1f4f4e1737b9eec965ce.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321China's State-Owned Enterprises and Diplomatic Action; Interaction of Commercial Hnterests and Political GoalsChina's State-Owned Enterprises and Diplomatic Action; Interaction of Commercial Hnterests and Political Goals7710716737710.22034/irr.2023.357902.2252FASaeedMirtorabiDepartment of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kharazmi University,0000-0003-3697-2672Journal Article20220825The special pattern of China's development in the past decades has had special features, including the prominent role of state-owned companies in this process. According to various experts, today, parallel to the expansion of China's economic and commercial interactions, these companies have also entered the field of foreign policy decision-making. However, there are serious doubts about the various roles of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China's diplomatic action. Accordingly, the main question of the article is, parallel to the expansion of China's international interactions, especially in the last two decades, how have state-owned companies affected the foreign policy decision-making process of this country? The answer given to this question as a hypothesis and using the descriptive and explanatory method is that in the process of China's rapid development, structural reforms leading to fragmentation, decentralization and internationalism in the government body, paid the way for state-owned companies to enter the field of foreign policy decision-making as partners (although smaller) which caused the diplomatic action of this emerging superpower to become more numerous and ambiguous. The findings of the article can contribute to a better understanding of China's diplomatic actions and a more accurate and intelligent regulation of relations with this emerging power.The special pattern of China's development in the past decades has had special features, including the prominent role of state-owned companies in this process. According to various experts, today, parallel to the expansion of China's economic and commercial interactions, these companies have also entered the field of foreign policy decision-making. However, there are serious doubts about the various roles of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China's diplomatic action. Accordingly, the main question of the article is, parallel to the expansion of China's international interactions, especially in the last two decades, how have state-owned companies affected the foreign policy decision-making process of this country? The answer given to this question as a hypothesis and using the descriptive and explanatory method is that in the process of China's rapid development, structural reforms leading to fragmentation, decentralization and internationalism in the government body, paid the way for state-owned companies to enter the field of foreign policy decision-making as partners (although smaller) which caused the diplomatic action of this emerging superpower to become more numerous and ambiguous. The findings of the article can contribute to a better understanding of China's diplomatic actions and a more accurate and intelligent regulation of relations with this emerging power.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_167377_e8cf327f5ac85defc1a611c6b324e8ad.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321Political - Security Pathology of Kurdistan Province from the Perspective of New InstitutionalismPolitical - Security Pathology of Kurdistan Province from the Perspective of New Institutionalism10913916968610.22034/irr.2023.371398.2302FAKhalilSardarniaProfessor of Political Science at Shiraz University0000-0003-2033-2312MehranSharafi SadrabadiPH.D Candidate of Political Science at Shiraz UniversityAtaDaneshvarM.A Graduated of Political Science at Shiraz UniversityJournal Article20221123Ethnicity has had important role in socio-political developments in 21 century. This role has been obvious in underdeveloped and developing countries and developed countries. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between the security-political vulnerabilities of this province and Iran's limited access order and to provide solutions within the framework of institutionalism to maintain and increase security in this province. Using the descriptive-analytical method and the methodological-theoretical approach of institutionalism with an emphasis on the limited access orders, this article seeks to answer the question that from the perspective of the theory of institutionalism, what is the relationship between Iran's limited access order and the security and political vulnerabilities of Kurdistan province? The findings of the article indicate that Iran's limited access system by negatively affecting economic, political and social indicators causes its security and political vulnerabilities, and not paying attention to the improvement and promotion of these indicators can escalate the security threats of the province and endanger national security.Ethnicity has had important role in socio-political developments in 21 century. This role has been obvious in underdeveloped and developing countries and developed countries. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between the security-political vulnerabilities of this province and Iran's limited access order and to provide solutions within the framework of institutionalism to maintain and increase security in this province. Using the descriptive-analytical method and the methodological-theoretical approach of institutionalism with an emphasis on the limited access orders, this article seeks to answer the question that from the perspective of the theory of institutionalism, what is the relationship between Iran's limited access order and the security and political vulnerabilities of Kurdistan province? The findings of the article indicate that Iran's limited access system by negatively affecting economic, political and social indicators causes its security and political vulnerabilities, and not paying attention to the improvement and promotion of these indicators can escalate the security threats of the province and endanger national security.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_169686_dadc14896f613e5f47040cc4957cc190.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321The policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the political unrest in Bahrain from the perspective of constructivismThe policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the political unrest in Bahrain from the perspective of constructivism14116317027410.22034/irr.2023.170274FAEhsanKhademi BahabadiLecturer at Farhangian University of Yazd, Yazd, IranSeyed MohsenMirhosainiAssistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Yazd UniversityJournal Article20230424Recent revolutionary developments in the Arab world has been dependent on different variables. Among all the variables, foreign forces and actors are the most important ones which have impressed the political future of the Arab world. The reaction and involvement of foreign actors in issues of Arab countries was affected by different variables, such as security, Economic and Political-Ideological interests. Each of these actors had different behavior patterns towards the developments according to their policies. At the regional level, the acts and policies of several state actors including Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran and Israel, are particularly important. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the recent years’ developments in the Kingdom of Bahrain from the perspective of constructivism. The results of this article shows that Iran’s foreign policy towards the crisis in Bahrain was based on identity components and it seems natural that Iran's foreign policy towards the country is experiencing a phase changeRecent revolutionary developments in the Arab world has been dependent on different variables. Among all the variables, foreign forces and actors are the most important ones which have impressed the political future of the Arab world. The reaction and involvement of foreign actors in issues of Arab countries was affected by different variables, such as security, Economic and Political-Ideological interests. Each of these actors had different behavior patterns towards the developments according to their policies. At the regional level, the acts and policies of several state actors including Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran and Israel, are particularly important. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the recent years’ developments in the Kingdom of Bahrain from the perspective of constructivism. The results of this article shows that Iran’s foreign policy towards the crisis in Bahrain was based on identity components and it seems natural that Iran's foreign policy towards the country is experiencing a phase changehttps://www.iisajournals.ir/article_170274_8ba72410b227634e4c886ec5140386b1.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321Comparing the approach of three generations of realism paradigm towards the international systemComparing the approach of three generations of realism paradigm towards the international system16520016969510.22034/irr.2023.362996.2273FAMohammad RezaBigdeliPhD student of International Relations, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0994-9346Seyed JalalDehghani Firooz AbadiProfessor of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1055-531XKayhanBarzegarAssociate Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-3571-6204Journal Article20220922The international system is one of the widely used concepts of international relations,which has evolved under the influence of the assumptions of different theories of international relations.The different tendencies of the paradigm of realism,each based on their meta-theoretical and theoretical foundations,reflect a different approach towards the international system.Accordingly,the current research seeks to answer the question of which of the three generations of realism paradigm has a more comprehensive and accurate explanation about the international system? The present research is based on the hypothesis that the theory of neoclassical realism, as the third generation of the paradigm of realism,has a more comprehensive and accurate explanatory power compared to the first and second generations. Using the descriptive-analytical method,this research compares the nature and components of the international system in the form of four fundamental concepts of the realism paradigm, including anarchy,government, power and balance of power,from the perspective of three generations of the realism paradigm,including classical realism,structural realism,and neoclassical realism.According to the obtained results,neoclassical realists by redefining the role and position of anarchy ruling the international system and dissecting the state as the main actor of the international system, as well as building the concept and function of power and negating the naturalistic approach of classical realists and modifying the structuralist approach of neorealism regarding the balance of power category,show that neoclassical realism While maintaining the fundamental principles of the realism paradigm,realism has a higher explanatory power than the previous two generations.The international system is one of the widely used concepts of international relations,which has evolved under the influence of the assumptions of different theories of international relations.The different tendencies of the paradigm of realism,each based on their meta-theoretical and theoretical foundations,reflect a different approach towards the international system.Accordingly,the current research seeks to answer the question of which of the three generations of realism paradigm has a more comprehensive and accurate explanation about the international system? The present research is based on the hypothesis that the theory of neoclassical realism, as the third generation of the paradigm of realism,has a more comprehensive and accurate explanatory power compared to the first and second generations. Using the descriptive-analytical method,this research compares the nature and components of the international system in the form of four fundamental concepts of the realism paradigm, including anarchy,government, power and balance of power,from the perspective of three generations of the realism paradigm,including classical realism,structural realism,and neoclassical realism.According to the obtained results,neoclassical realists by redefining the role and position of anarchy ruling the international system and dissecting the state as the main actor of the international system, as well as building the concept and function of power and negating the naturalistic approach of classical realists and modifying the structuralist approach of neorealism regarding the balance of power category,show that neoclassical realism While maintaining the fundamental principles of the realism paradigm,realism has a higher explanatory power than the previous two generations.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_169695_6fd6329b2af2e6a3877aaf9bced96503.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321The impact of digital currency mining on the environment from the perspective of international lawThe impact of digital currency mining on the environment from the perspective of international law20122517317110.22034/irr.2022.368933.2292FAJamile SadatMousaviDoctoral student of Public International Law, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.MaryamAfshariMember of Faculty of Law Department, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad RezaAlipourAssistant Professor, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20221107International law is one of the fields where legal concerns and concerns about a phenomenon are always taken into consideration with a delay.In today's world, the speed of technology and scientific progress is so fast that even the technological fields are sometimes surprised. Now, in such a constantly changing and developing world, the international legal system, especially international environmental law, needs to be more agile.be One of these areas that requires immediate attention is blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies, the extraction of each unit of which (for example, Bitcoin) causes the release of a significant amount of greenhouse gases and consumes alotof energy.International law has various documents in the field of controlling greenhouse gas emissions, but the main issue is whether the current legal regime can be applied to the mining of cryptocurrencies.The present article tries tofind a suitable answer to this question, which first tries todraw everyone's attention to this issue by highlighting the destructive effects of cryptocurrency mining from an international perspective;Then examine the existing environmental principles and rules within the scope ofthis article.This research was carried outin a descriptive-analytical way and the findings of the research show that the mining of digital currencies, along with the financial benefits it brings forthe miners, has destructive effects from the environmental point ofview due tothe release ofa large amount of Itis a greenhouse gas.Therefore, the United Nations International Law Commission should, by studying the destructive aspects of such technologies, take necessary measures toregulate them within the framework of international environmental lawInternational law is one of the fields where legal concerns and concerns about a phenomenon are always taken into consideration with a delay.In today's world, the speed of technology and scientific progress is so fast that even the technological fields are sometimes surprised. Now, in such a constantly changing and developing world, the international legal system, especially international environmental law, needs to be more agile.be One of these areas that requires immediate attention is blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies, the extraction of each unit of which (for example, Bitcoin) causes the release of a significant amount of greenhouse gases and consumes alotof energy.International law has various documents in the field of controlling greenhouse gas emissions, but the main issue is whether the current legal regime can be applied to the mining of cryptocurrencies.The present article tries tofind a suitable answer to this question, which first tries todraw everyone's attention to this issue by highlighting the destructive effects of cryptocurrency mining from an international perspective;Then examine the existing environmental principles and rules within the scope ofthis article.This research was carried outin a descriptive-analytical way and the findings of the research show that the mining of digital currencies, along with the financial benefits it brings forthe miners, has destructive effects from the environmental point ofview due tothe release ofa large amount of Itis a greenhouse gas.Therefore, the United Nations International Law Commission should, by studying the destructive aspects of such technologies, take necessary measures toregulate them within the framework of international environmental lawhttps://www.iisajournals.ir/article_173171_a0efe9a55258970429412ada87f5d7dc.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321Mohammad bin Zayed Foreign Policy Strategy; Threats, capabilities and security requirements of IranMohammad bin Zayed Foreign Policy Strategy; Threats, capabilities and security requirements of Iran22725416972310.22034/irr.2022.299916.2028FAOmidAzizyanphD Student in Political Science, University of Mazandaran0009-0003-5707-0042Ali AkbarJafariAssociate Professor at Department of Political Sciences0000-0002-7543-6365HouseinRafeeAssociate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of MazandaranAliKarimi MalehProfessor, Department of Political Science, University of MazandaranJournal Article20210815Mohammed bin Zayed changed the UAE's foreign policy strategy after coming to power in 2004. Moving away from the traditional strategy of defensive policy, bin Zayed adopted a new strategy towards Iran and the Middle East region. Meanwhile, the changes in coalition patterns of the region in the form of the "Ebrahimi Peace" plan in order to unite with Israel, the Arab NATO plan and efforts to strengthen the US military presence in the region, have threatened the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the fundamental question that what opportunities and requirements has Mohammad bin Zayed's foreign policy strategy in the region created for the foreign policy and national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? In this article, "Neorealism" is used as a theoretical approach by an explanatory-analytical research method while library methods were used for data acquisition. The findings of the present study indicate that the UAE's growing proximity to Israel, its efforts to establish an Arab front with Egypt and Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi's proximity to the United States, and its widespread confrontation with Iran undermine Iran's national security. These wide-ranging impacts have created the need to reconsider the type of engagement with the UAE at both levels of confrontation and de-escalation.Mohammed bin Zayed changed the UAE's foreign policy strategy after coming to power in 2004. Moving away from the traditional strategy of defensive policy, bin Zayed adopted a new strategy towards Iran and the Middle East region. Meanwhile, the changes in coalition patterns of the region in the form of the "Ebrahimi Peace" plan in order to unite with Israel, the Arab NATO plan and efforts to strengthen the US military presence in the region, have threatened the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the fundamental question that what opportunities and requirements has Mohammad bin Zayed's foreign policy strategy in the region created for the foreign policy and national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? In this article, "Neorealism" is used as a theoretical approach by an explanatory-analytical research method while library methods were used for data acquisition. The findings of the present study indicate that the UAE's growing proximity to Israel, its efforts to establish an Arab front with Egypt and Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi's proximity to the United States, and its widespread confrontation with Iran undermine Iran's national security. These wide-ranging impacts have created the need to reconsider the type of engagement with the UAE at both levels of confrontation and de-escalation.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_169723_c029f36bcc0053d7faf8d4d09b5e640b.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321International environmental regimes with the approach of preserving resources for future generationsInternational environmental regimes with the approach of preserving resources for future generations25527817064710.22034/irr.2022.362026.2267FASeyedeh NikooMousaviPhD student, Department of Law, Qeshm Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran.KheirollahParvinProfessor, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.AbdolkarimShaheydarAssistant Professor, Department of Law, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20220915The aim of the current research is to examine international environmental law with the approach of preserving resources for future generations. Indiscriminate exploitation and the introduction of environmental damage by humans have caused concern in the realization of the rights of future generations. Identifying the rights of future generations is an important step to achieve sustainable development, in this regard, environmental protection and reasonable and fair use of resources in order to achieve a sustainable future by which the rights of future generations are guaranteed. It is the duty of the international community. In this regard, the concept of the rights of future generations, which first entered the field of international law with the ratification of the United Nations Charter in 1945 and was subsequently developed in international environmental law with the issuance of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972. However, the concept of "rights of future generations" as a moral or normative principle faces many ambiguities.The aim of the current research is to examine international environmental law with the approach of preserving resources for future generations. Indiscriminate exploitation and the introduction of environmental damage by humans have caused concern in the realization of the rights of future generations. Identifying the rights of future generations is an important step to achieve sustainable development, in this regard, environmental protection and reasonable and fair use of resources in order to achieve a sustainable future by which the rights of future generations are guaranteed. It is the duty of the international community. In this regard, the concept of the rights of future generations, which first entered the field of international law with the ratification of the United Nations Charter in 1945 and was subsequently developed in international environmental law with the issuance of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972. However, the concept of "rights of future generations" as a moral or normative principle faces many ambiguities.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_170647_6a925a20c6df59224454c168ca3b1015.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321Environmentalism in conflicting theories of international relationsEnvironmentalism in conflicting theories of international relations27930917068010.22034/irr.2023.354086.2239FARahmanHaririAssistant Professor of Regional Studies, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Razi University0000-0001-9799-8943AbbasSarvestaniPhD student in Regional Studies, University of TehranRasoolRezaei FaramaniPhD student in Regional Studies, University of TehranJournal Article20220730The spread of environmental threats in recent years and their destructive effects on global health, economy, security and geopolitics have brought environmental issues into the context of theories of international relations.The fluid and multifaceted nature of environmental issues has led to different theories of international relations having different orientations towards these issues and their impact on international relationsThe present article examines the emergence of environmentalism and the different and conflicting perspectives of international relations theories on this issue.The paper hypothesizes that the emergence of environmental issues as a security and top policy issue did not lead to the recognition of the emergence of international environmental relations as a source of growing questions for the field.The research findings support the hypothesis and show that while in the past, under the influence of traditional theoretical approaches to international relations and the development of the concept of state-based security, environmental issues were treated as an abstract whole in international relations. ; But fundamental changes in world politics have led to the recognition of the environment and its unpredictable and surprising consequences as one of the main issues in international relations.The result of this environmentalism was the emergence of a green current in theories of international relations that has influenced the concepts and practices of environmental policy and has led to the conceptualization of global governance as a tool and framework for understanding emerging environmental issues. There was also a comprehensive mechanism for cooperation between national governments to address these threatsThe spread of environmental threats in recent years and their destructive effects on global health, economy, security and geopolitics have brought environmental issues into the context of theories of international relations.The fluid and multifaceted nature of environmental issues has led to different theories of international relations having different orientations towards these issues and their impact on international relationsThe present article examines the emergence of environmentalism and the different and conflicting perspectives of international relations theories on this issue.The paper hypothesizes that the emergence of environmental issues as a security and top policy issue did not lead to the recognition of the emergence of international environmental relations as a source of growing questions for the field.The research findings support the hypothesis and show that while in the past, under the influence of traditional theoretical approaches to international relations and the development of the concept of state-based security, environmental issues were treated as an abstract whole in international relations. ; But fundamental changes in world politics have led to the recognition of the environment and its unpredictable and surprising consequences as one of the main issues in international relations.The result of this environmentalism was the emergence of a green current in theories of international relations that has influenced the concepts and practices of environmental policy and has led to the conceptualization of global governance as a tool and framework for understanding emerging environmental issues. There was also a comprehensive mechanism for cooperation between national governments to address these threatshttps://www.iisajournals.ir/article_170680_ccb3ac0d883c12642a17ac5440f2869b.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321The impact of climatic, environmental and weather changes on national security:
Case study of the Islamic Republic of IranThe impact of climatic, environmental and weather changes on national security:
Case study of the Islamic Republic of Iran31133916968810.22034/irr.2023.383485.2345FAMostafaEsmailiAssistant Professor of International Relations, Supreme National Defense University,, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3215-5256HamidrezaHashemiPhD student of National Security Studies,, Supreme National Defense UniversityJournal Article20230128From the beginning of the Westphalian system until recent decades, national security was defined mainly in the form of military security. While today the centrality of military security has faded and the new issues at the national and international levels that are focused on by world leaders and politicians are environmental issues. In this regard, in order to investigate environmental issues and the impact of these issues on national security, the main question of this article is: Today, considering the climatic and environmental changes, what effect do these changes have on national security? In response to this problem, it has been explained by using documentary and library method and using descriptive-analytical method, and the research findings based on qualitative inference and adaptation-inferential approach show that the issues related to climate and environmental changes are They are interdependent and affect national security and create national threats, and they are: The challenges of climate security, fine dust, water crisis, change of human natural habitat (including global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, etc.) and pollution (acid rain, toxic waste, etc.) The national and transnational strategy of the governments to solve these issues in the future can increase the risk of violent conflict, if not among the governments, at least within the country and weaken the territorial integrity of the state and reduce the economic growth and ultimately weaken needs and rights of the people.<br /><br />Keywords: Climate changes, environmental changes, environmental security and national securityFrom the beginning of the Westphalian system until recent decades, national security was defined mainly in the form of military security. While today the centrality of military security has faded and the new issues at the national and international levels that are focused on by world leaders and politicians are environmental issues. In this regard, in order to investigate environmental issues and the impact of these issues on national security, the main question of this article is: Today, considering the climatic and environmental changes, what effect do these changes have on national security? In response to this problem, it has been explained by using documentary and library method and using descriptive-analytical method, and the research findings based on qualitative inference and adaptation-inferential approach show that the issues related to climate and environmental changes are They are interdependent and affect national security and create national threats, and they are: The challenges of climate security, fine dust, water crisis, change of human natural habitat (including global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, etc.) and pollution (acid rain, toxic waste, etc.) The national and transnational strategy of the governments to solve these issues in the future can increase the risk of violent conflict, if not among the governments, at least within the country and weaken the territorial integrity of the state and reduce the economic growth and ultimately weaken needs and rights of the people.<br /><br />Keywords: Climate changes, environmental changes, environmental security and national securityhttps://www.iisajournals.ir/article_169688_0ab00aa777c5f79a3818dab45a168bb1.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321The economic capacities of the Shanghai Organization for
Islamic Republic of IranThe economic capacities of the Shanghai Organization for
Islamic Republic of Iran34136717317210.22034/irr.2023.384685.2348FAEsmaeilMohebpourPhD student, International Relations Department, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-7255-0373NozarShafieeVisiting Professor, Department of International Relations, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Associate Professor, Department of Regional Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-7255-0373SakineBabrigonbadAssistant Professor, Department of International Relations, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230205Theorists believe that international institutions can have an important impact on the cooperative behavior of countries and the international order. In this regard, Iran's permanent membership in the Shanghai Organization is a turning point in foreign policy that can lead to extensive cooperation, especially in the economic field and the neutralization of sanctions.<br />In fact, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization provides countless opportunities for its members in terms of market, population, economic capacities in the world, the amount of income and the role of the member countries in international trade, and Iran can benefit from the mentioned opportunities by being an official member of this organization. <br />In this article with the purpose of examining the economic opportunities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization following Iran's permanent membership, we are looking for an answer to the question that; what economic opportunities does the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have for Iran?<br />The main hypothesis emphasizes that the most important economic capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization are: the large three-billion-people trade market, the field of energy and petrochemicals, transportation and trade of non-oil goods and that Iran, by expanding foreign relations with the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the development of transportation infrastructure can take advantage of the economic capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.<br />For writing this article Descriptive analytical method has been used.Theorists believe that international institutions can have an important impact on the cooperative behavior of countries and the international order. In this regard, Iran's permanent membership in the Shanghai Organization is a turning point in foreign policy that can lead to extensive cooperation, especially in the economic field and the neutralization of sanctions.<br />In fact, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization provides countless opportunities for its members in terms of market, population, economic capacities in the world, the amount of income and the role of the member countries in international trade, and Iran can benefit from the mentioned opportunities by being an official member of this organization. <br />In this article with the purpose of examining the economic opportunities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization following Iran's permanent membership, we are looking for an answer to the question that; what economic opportunities does the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have for Iran?<br />The main hypothesis emphasizes that the most important economic capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization are: the large three-billion-people trade market, the field of energy and petrochemicals, transportation and trade of non-oil goods and that Iran, by expanding foreign relations with the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the development of transportation infrastructure can take advantage of the economic capacities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.<br />For writing this article Descriptive analytical method has been used.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_173172_72067d22420d551d18bbca9868dd2bea.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321Islamic revolution and reconstruction of modern Islamic civilizationIslamic revolution and reconstruction of modern Islamic civilization36938418805810.22034/irr.2024.426045.2463FAFatemehOkhraviDoctorate in History and Civilization of Islamic Nations - Lecturer, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad BranchJournal Article20231119After the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran, the restoration of Islamic civilization has been the focus of researchers. The destruction and decline of civilization and the increase of civilization awareness following the expansion of information and communication facilities following the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran and its influence on international societies are among the reasons for the importance of Islamic civilization. The personality of Imam Khomeini was a guide to the clear understanding of the spiritual dimensions of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, and the Imam led people to mystical dimensions and spiritual values with repeated warnings, and he himself was the helmsman of the revolution in line with Islamic goals. In this article, an attempt is made to discuss the characteristics of modern Islamic civilization, including nation-oriented religion, rationalism, intellectual civilization, self-belief, Western studies, etc.<br />In the era after the Islamic revolution and the effort for the rule of Islam in cultural and civilization dimensions, it has led to the formation of the discourse of the new Islamic civilization. Creating and strengthening this discourse in the long term can lead to the restoration of Islamic civilization in accordance with the requirements of the present era. The most important issue of this new civilization discourse is its impact on international societies.After the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran, the restoration of Islamic civilization has been the focus of researchers. The destruction and decline of civilization and the increase of civilization awareness following the expansion of information and communication facilities following the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran and its influence on international societies are among the reasons for the importance of Islamic civilization. The personality of Imam Khomeini was a guide to the clear understanding of the spiritual dimensions of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, and the Imam led people to mystical dimensions and spiritual values with repeated warnings, and he himself was the helmsman of the revolution in line with Islamic goals. In this article, an attempt is made to discuss the characteristics of modern Islamic civilization, including nation-oriented religion, rationalism, intellectual civilization, self-belief, Western studies, etc.<br />In the era after the Islamic revolution and the effort for the rule of Islam in cultural and civilization dimensions, it has led to the formation of the discourse of the new Islamic civilization. Creating and strengthening this discourse in the long term can lead to the restoration of Islamic civilization in accordance with the requirements of the present era. The most important issue of this new civilization discourse is its impact on international societies.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_188058_307ff1eaecc278fc62bba888fd7846df.pdfThe Iranian Association of International StudiesInternational Relations Researches2251-844413120230321Investigating the relationship between the stock market and oil prices in Iran, emphasizing the risk and uncertainty of the global political economyInvestigating the relationship between the stock market and oil prices in Iran, emphasizing the risk and uncertainty of the global political economy38541419819010.22034/irr.2024.456928.2542FAAbouzarGandomkarPhd student, Department of Economics, Marodasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Marodasht, IranSeyed NematollahMosaviAssociate Professor, Department of Economics, Marodasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marodasht, Iran.AbbasAminifardAssistant Professor, Department of Economics, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20240511Today, financial markets are of special importance among people. Many studies have examined the relationship between this market and other markets and the factors that affect the activity of financial markets such as the stock market. In this study, using the NARDL method, the relationship between the stock market and oil prices in Iran has been investigated with an emphasis on global risk and uncertainty in the period of 2010-2022. The results showed that global geopolitical risk, economic policy uncertainty, and global uncertainty in the long term along with oil prices affect the stock market. Meanwhile, in the short term, global geopolitical risk and global uncertainty affect the stock market in Iran. The ECM coefficient (error correction test) also shows that 85% of incoming shocks are adjusted to long-term equilibrium values. Also, it takes less than two periods for the fluctuation created in the pattern to approach the long-term equilibrium values. Due to the fact that oil fluctuations are exogenous from the point of view of company managers and have had an impact on them, financial companies should pay attention to the real performance of the company and its profitability in their evaluation.Today, financial markets are of special importance among people. Many studies have examined the relationship between this market and other markets and the factors that affect the activity of financial markets such as the stock market. In this study, using the NARDL method, the relationship between the stock market and oil prices in Iran has been investigated with an emphasis on global risk and uncertainty in the period of 2010-2022. The results showed that global geopolitical risk, economic policy uncertainty, and global uncertainty in the long term along with oil prices affect the stock market. Meanwhile, in the short term, global geopolitical risk and global uncertainty affect the stock market in Iran. The ECM coefficient (error correction test) also shows that 85% of incoming shocks are adjusted to long-term equilibrium values. Also, it takes less than two periods for the fluctuation created in the pattern to approach the long-term equilibrium values. Due to the fact that oil fluctuations are exogenous from the point of view of company managers and have had an impact on them, financial companies should pay attention to the real performance of the company and its profitability in their evaluation.https://www.iisajournals.ir/article_198190_049e0dc4ed842ea1180a98df11100647.pdf