The rise of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey in 2002, within the framework of Ahmet Davutoglu's "Strategic Doctrine", created a new approach to the country's foreign policy, which aimed to resolve international conflicts, tensions with neighbors, use soft power, and improve relations with the West. Turkey acted as an active player in the Middle East region, seeking to present a model of democratic governance. However, after the developments of 2011, the revolutions known as the Arab Spring, we witnessed a turn and ups and downs in the country's foreign policy. In this study, using a descriptive and analytical method within the framework of the Copenhagen Security School, we seek to examine the issue of what role external factors have played in the securitization of Turkey's foreign policy. Our hypothesis is that factors such as human rights pressures, lack of membership in the European Union, insecurity in the Middle East, the failed coup of 2016, European and American sanctions, and the issue of tension with Cyprus have led to the securitization of this country's foreign policy. It must be said that due to such issues, distrust has arisen in Turkey's relations with the West and its neighbors, and fear of intervention and the political and security threats that Turkey will face in the present and future regarding these issues has led Erdogan's strategic policy to shift towards securitization rather than diplomatic engagement in order to secure the country's national interests and security in a secure environment.
Introduction
The foreign policy of countries has always been influenced by domestic policies and conditions. In other words, the economic, political, and social conditions, as well as the internal and external developments of any country, have a direct impact on the direction of its foreign policy, and this is one of the general rules in the science of international relations and foreign policy. Turkey is no exception to this rule, and external developments and external pressures have had an impact on its policy and strategy. Turkey has brought opportunities and challenges to this actor due to its strategic location at the junction of Europe and the Middle East. Before the AKP came to power, Turkey tended to orient itself towards the West, but with the AKP coming to power, it witnessed the country's interaction with the surrounding environment of the Middle East and the East, and under the title of Davutoglu's strategic doctrine, it has undertaken strategic interaction in its foreign policy. After that, the policy of neo-Ottomanism and the revival of Turkey appeared in the strategy of the Erdogan government since 2007, which sought to revive Turkey by emphasizing the country's past, namely the Ottoman Empire. However, since 2011, after the beginning of the Arab revolutions in the region, The Middle East and North Africa: In this country, the Justice and Development Party's strategy has moved towards securitization. In this research, we seek to examine how external factors have affected the securitization of Turkish foreign policy between 2011 and 2024. In this study, we will examine it. First, we will examine the foreign policy of the Justice and Development Party, and then we will examine security examples and the shift from the policy of interaction and communication towards security, and how its reflection has shown itself in Turkish foreign policy. Then, we will address the obstacles and external factors related to the insecure environment and geopolitical constraints, USsanctions, non-membership in the European Union, human rights tensions, and territorial problems with neighbors that have led Turkey towards distrust, a security-oriented and security-building perspective, causing this country to move towards security in its foreign policy strategy. This has been analyzed and examined using a descriptive and analytical method and references to library resources and current research.
Theoretical Framework
Barry Buzan defines security as between minds and considers the starting point of security to be based on the decision of actors that the issue of security is recognized in society. Two approaches should be considered: first, the security threshold of nation states is different from each other; second, how others think about and evaluate the security of an issue Barry Buzan, the founder of the Copenhagen School and the author of the book People, States and Fear, redefined the concept of security by listing three main dimensions for it. A broad definition of security: Buzan considers five political, military, economic, social and environmental parts of security, which are not only not separate but are also highly intertwined Securitization
 Securitization is the process of labeling a security issue and its consequences through labeling problems into major threats that require urgent action, which may include breaking previously binding rules. In other words, securitizing an issue at the international level means making it an existential and important issue that should not be discussed like ordinary political issues. Rather, high-level leaders should firmly define its task before other issues In other words, securitization can be understood as the process of placing a specific issue in the security realm by resorting to the speech act, usually by political leaders, by making it appear threatening. This, in turn, will lead to emergency measures and suspension of normal policy in order to deal with that issue, if the relevant audience agrees. The concept of securitization means that every school inherently carries some kind of threat. The concept of securitization was first introduced into international relations by Weaver in 1990, and this concept was perfected after the publication of the book A New Framework for Security Analysis Weaver initially defined security as a “speech act” and showed that the meaning of security is linked to the “discourse of security”. In his article “Securitization and De-Securitization”, inspired by linguistic theory, Weaver called security a verbal movement; that is, the movement and type of language and expression of content by the speaker defines security (Rostami and Naderi, 2016:193). The Copenhagen School believes that security is intersubjective. Here, they emphasize more on the shared understanding that is created through the process of dialogue and communication between security agents and audiences about whether an issue is a threat or not.
Methodology
This research has been used in the study of Turkish foreign policy using a descriptive and analytical method, citing library resources and analyses of scientific institutions, and reviewing existing documents and evidence in the field of foreign policy and national security.
Discussion
This study examines Turkey's foreign policy since 2011, when the Justice and Development Party's strategy moved towards security. Before 2011, the Turkish government had defined its strategy as seeking peaceful relations with its neighbors and regional governments and resolving tensions. However, after the developments of 2011, known as the Arab Spring, we have witnessed a change in the Turkish government's foreign policy approach towards security. Factors such as the insecurity of Turkey's regional environment, human rights violations, Turkey's non-membership in the European Union, tension with Cyprus, the imposition of sanctions by the United States, and the coup attempt in 2016 have caused Turkey to face external pressures, which has caused Turkey's foreign policy strategy to move towards security. The Erdogan government's actions have been completely security-oriented, and Turkey's internal space has become secure, which can contain these external threats by securing society and presenting external factors as a threat to Turkey's territorial integrity.
Conclusion
Regarding the securitization of Turkey's foreign policy, it should be said that international requirements have caused Turkey to move towards structural security and a narrow definition of security in its foreign policy discourse by providing a context of insecurity, distrust, and an atmosphere of competition and tension. In the face of these problems that threaten the territorial integrity and interests of this country from the outside and the surrounding areas, Turkey must be able to define security for its foreign policy and implement its requirements in the context of its society and strategic policies. Regarding the insecurity in Turkey's surrounding environment with the security challenge, the issue of human rights, the interference of the United States and Europe in Turkish affairs, and the formation of independence movements such as the Kurdish minority, the issue of sanctions, the reduction of military and economic power, tensions with neighbors, and the threat to the privacy of this country, along with its lack of membership in the European Union, Turkey must be able to rely on its power in the region and, by securitizing these threats, move society towards cohesion and stability in the field of adopting a coherent security approach.