پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
نقش سلاح های تاکتیکی هسته ای در سیاست های سازمان ناتو: به سوی بهینه سازی یا انحلال ؟
نویسنده
استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه لودز لهستان
چکیده
تقریبا درتمام دوره جنگ سرد (1991-1945) سلاح هسته ای تاکتیکی یکی از ستون های دکترین تحذیر یا ترسانیدن ترموهسته ای سازمان ناتو بود ، و قرار بر این گذاشته شده بود که این سلاح ها علی البدلی برای سلاح ها و نیروهای قرار دادی این سازمان باشند ، و در هنگام تعرض اتحاد جماهیر شوروی به اروپای غربی ، از طرف سازمان ناتو برای حمله و از بین بردن واحد های نظامی " پیمان ورشو " مورد استفاده قرار گیرند . در حال حاضر ، بعد از گذشت سال ها از اتمام جنگ سرد ، تعداد گروه هائی که مخالف نگه داری سلاح های تاکتیکی هسته ای در پایگاه های سازمان ناتو در اروپای غربی ، زیاد شده است ، و حقیقت هم این است که این سلاح ها از دیدگاه نظامی ارزش جنگی- تهاجمی آنچنانی ، ندارند . با این وجود کشور های عضو سازمان ناتوهمهنوز تصمیم الزام آوری مبنی بر آینده سلاح های تاکتیکی هسته ای خود را ، اتخاذ نکرده اند . موضوع و هدف اصلی این مقاله تجزیه و تحلیل برخورد کشورهای عضو سازمان ناتو با سلاح های هسته ای موجود و سیر تحولی و تغییر شکل آن ها و سناریوهای احتمالی مربوط به آن ها ، می باشد . سوآل اصلی مطرح شده در این مقاله هم این است که : آیا سازمان ناتو باید به سوی بهینه سازی سلاح های هسته ای خود برود ؟ و یا باید سعی کند تا زراد خانه های سلاح های تاکتیکی ترمو هسته ای خود را منحل کند ؟
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
NATO Tactical Weapons in Europe: Towards Modernization or Elimination?
نویسنده [English]
- Robert Czulda
Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Lodz, Poland
چکیده [English]
Almost throughout the Cold War (1945-1991) Tactical Nuclear Weapons (TNWs) had been one of the pillars of NATO’s doctrine of nuclear deterrence. These weapons were supposed to be used as an alternative for conventional weapons and forces, and in case of Soviet invasion against the Western Europe, to be used by NATO to counterattack and destroy military armored units and forces of WARSAW Pact. At the present, after many years passed since the end of the Cold War, the number of opposing groups to the maintenance of TNWs in NATO’s bases in Europe has increased as many experts believe that these weapons have little combat value from a military perspective. Despite this NATO’s member states have not taken any binding decisions for the future of their TNWs. The objective of this research work is to analyze and examine the attitude of NATO’s member states towards TNWs, their developing and changing trend and possible future scenarios. The basic question of this article is that: should NATO go for modernization of its TNWs, or it must try to eliminate them?
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Nuclear Policies
- NATO
- Security
- Defense
- Defense Doctrine
Chalmers M., Somerville A. [ed.], If the Bombs Go. European Perspectives on NATO’s Nuclear Debate, Royal United Service Institute for Defence and Security Studies 2011.
Collina T.Z., Cartwright Urges Nuclear Spending Cuts, Arms Control Association, September 2012, [www.armscontrol.org].
Croft S., Dorman A., Rees W., Uttley M., Britain and Defence 1945-2000, Routledge: New York 2013.
Dodge M., Spring B., President Obama Should Not Unilaterally Reduce U.S. Nuclear Arsenal, “The Foundry”, 03/01/2012, [www.blog.heritage.org].
Duignan P., NATO: Its Past, Present, and Future, Stanford 2000, p. 22. See also: S. Pifer, NATO, Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control, Brookings Institute 2011.
Kristensen H.M., B61-12: Contract Signed for Improving Precision of Nuclear Bomb, “FAS Strategic Security Blog”, 28/11/2012, [www.blogs.fas.org].
Kristensen H.M., Non-Strategic Nuclear Weapons, Federation of American Scientists, May 2012.
Kristensen H.M., US Navy Instruction Confirms Retirement of Nuclear Tomahawk Cruise Missile, FAS Strategic Security Blog, 18/03/2013, [www.blogs.fas.org].
Kristensen H.M., Status of U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe 2010, Federation of American Scientists 2010, p.1, [www.fas.org].
Lewis J., A Steal at $10 Billion, “Foreign Policy”, 05/09/2012, [www.foreignpolicy.com].
Meier O., NATO’s new Strategic Concept and the future of tactical nuclear weapons, “Nuclear Policy Paper”, British American Security Information Council – Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg, November 2010.
Meier O., Reports of German Nuclear Pledge Denied, Arms Control Association, October 2012, [www.armscontrol.org].
Muys M., US Tactical Nuclear Weapons at Kleine Brogel in the Context of Contemporary International Developments, Flemish Peace Institute, 22/09/2010, [www.nonproliferation.edu].
Nichols T., Stuart D., McCausland J.D. [ed.], Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO, U.S. Army War College – Strategic Studies Institute 2012.
Norris R.S., Kristensen H.M., US Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Europe, 2011, “Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists”, without date, [www.nonukes.nl].
Perkovich G., Chalmers M., Pifer S., Schulte P., Tandler J., Looking Beyond the Chicago Summit. Nuclear Weapons in Europe and the Future of NATO, “The Carnegie Papers”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 2012.
Seay T., Escalation by Default? The Future of NATO Nuclear Weapons in Europe, “NATO Policy Brief”, European Leadership Network, May 2012, [www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org].
Skaarup H., Ohio Warbird Survivors 2003: A Handbook on Where to Find Them, Lincoln 2003.
The B61 (Mk-61) Bomb. Intermediate yield strategic and tactical thermonuclear bomb, Nuclear Weapon Archive, 09/01/2007, [www.nuclearweaponarchive.org].
The Military Balance 2013, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London 2013.
York H.F., The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb, Stanford University Press: Stanford 1976.
اسناد
NATO (1999): The Alliance’s Strategic Concept.
NATO (2010): The Alliance’s Strategic Concept.
Nuclear Posture Review Report, Department of Defense, April 2010.
The Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNIs) on Tactical Nuclear Weapons at a Glance, Arms Control Association, August 2013, [www.armscontrol.org].
Bildt C., Sikorsky R., Next, the Tactical Nukes, “New York Times”, 01/02/2010, [www.nytimes.com].
Coffey L., Dutch Parliament Votes to Ditch the Joint Strike Fighter, “The Foundry”, 13/07/2012, [www.blog.heritage.org].
Dempsey J. ., German parties press U.S. to withdraw nuclear arms, “The New York Times”, 23/06/2008, [www.nytimes.com].
Five NATO States Want U.S. Nukes Out of Europe, Report Says, Nuclear Threat Initiative, 19/02/2010, [www.nti.org].
Germany opts for a farewell to NATO nuclear weapons, “RT”, 28/10/2009, [www.rt.com]
Germany Yet to Decide on Buying New Nuke-Ready Fighter Planes, Nuclear Threat Initiative, 14/09/2013, [www.nti.org].
New German government to seek removal of US nuclear weapons, “Deutsche Welle”, 25/10/2009, [www.dw.de].
US nukes to stay in Germany – media, “RT”, 06/09/2013, [www.rt.com].
Schmidt H., von Weizsäcker R., Bahr E., Genscher H.D., For a Nuclear Weapons-Free World, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 13/01/2009, [www.wagingpeace.org].
Tactical Nukes in Europe a "Tiny Fraction" of Cold War Arsenal, Report Says, Nuclear Threat Initiative, 18/01/2011, [www.nti.org].
Wieten J., Former Dutch PMs facing possible charges for revealing nukes on Dutch soil, “Shanghai Daily”, 13/06/2013, [www.shanghaidaily.com].
Yankee Bombs Go Home: Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany, “Der Spiegel”, 10/04/2009, [www.spiegel.de].
)