International Relations Researches

International Relations Researches

Status of Persian Gulf States in EU Energy Policies

Authors
Morteza Baghian Zarchi 1
Seyyed Hamid Hosseini 2
Mohammad Javad Mousavinejad 3
1 PhD student of political science, University of Tehran
2 Master of Science in Regional Studies, University of Tehran
3 PhD student of political science at Allameh Tabatabai University
Abstract
Strategic location, import-oriented and military market as well as massive oil and gas resources are the most important reasons for the geopolitical significance of the Persian Gulf region. It is the crossroad of Europe, Asia and Africa and is home to about 65 percent of the world's oil reserves. Increasing need of industrial countries to energy, notably oil, has kept the region in the center of attention of great powers. The European Union is one the most important energy consumption blocks which is following the policy of diversifying its energy sources because of existing challenges in the field of oil and gas. The Persian Gulf region is among these sources.

The present study reviews Europe's energy policies as well as regional relations of the union with the region. It hypothesizes that despite increasing international energy security challenges, (rising prices and intensified competition over resources with the presence of energy-hungry countries such as China and India), oil and gas resources of the Persian Gulf are considered for diversifying Europe's energy sources.
Keywords
Persian Gulf
energy Security
European Union
Diversifying Energy Resources
inter-regional relations
فغفوری، پروین،(1387) تنگه هرمز و چالشهای امنیت انرژی، ماهنامه تازه های انرژی، 1(1)، 10-6
وبخت، محمد باقر و خلیل قدیمی،(1387)، منطقه آزاد انرژی در ایران، تهران: معاونت پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی.
واعظی، محمود،(1387)، رویکرد اتحادیه اروپا به خاورمیانه، تهران: معاونت پژوهش های سیاست خارجی مرکز تحقیقات استراتژیک.
واعظی، محمود،(1389)، دیپلماسی انرژی ایران و قدرت­های بزرگ در خلیج فارس، مقاله ارائه شده به همایش علمی نفت و سیاست خارجی، تهران: انتشارات پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی،
 
Analysis: European High Energy Authority?, (2007), http://www. Euractive. Com /en/ energy/ analysis -european-high-energy-authority/article-156622.
BP p.l.c.Group results First quarter (2008), http://www .bp.com/liveassets/ bpinternet/ globalbp-uk-english/report-and/publication-review/pdf/2008.P.1.
Belkin, Paul,(2008), "The European Union Energy Security Challenge", Congressional Research Service,www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33636.pdf.
Brown, Matthew H, Christie Rewey and Troy Gagliano, (2003), Energy Security, National Conference of State Legislatures,Available in http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/prepare/NCSLEnergy%20Security.pdf.
Bp Statisticsl Review of World Energy,( 2009), http://www.bp.com/section generic article.
Coskun, Bezan, (2008), The Eu Quest for Energy Security and Persian Gulf, http://www.jhubc.it/ecpr-riga/virtualpaperroom/027.pdf.
Dgs Energy and transport,(2007),http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_ transport/security /infrastructure /index_en.htm.
Energy Security,(2009) www.iea.org/subjectqueries/keyresult.
European Commission Directorate- General for Energy, (2010), energy/observatory/oil/import_export_en.htm.
Jackson , Robert and Gorge Sorenson,(2007), Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Aproaches.
Lebedev, Kirill,(2009), Gazprom Might Loseyet Unconquerd European LNG Market, http://www.ifs.ru/upload/100409- gazprom.pdf.
Lenburg, Karsten Meck,(2006), EU-Turkey Relations in the Field of Energy, European Parliament,www. uroparl. europa. eu ocs/meetd .
Leonardo, Maugeri,(2006),Two Cheers for Expensive oil, Foreign Affairs,vol.85 ,No.4.
Loskot, Agata Strachota,(2008), Nabucco Vs.South stream Rivalry Over gas Pipline, Centre for eastern studies, http;//kms1.isn.ethz.ch/service engine/files/isn commentary_ 03pdf.
Maleki , Abbas,(2007), Energy Supply and Demand Eurasia: cooperation between EU and Iran, http:// www.isdp.eu/files /publications/cefq /07/am07energy supply. pdf.
North Africa – An Energy Source for Europe?, (2004), www. Kingston energy.com/nagas1204.pdf.
Oil Production table-barrels perday, (2008), http:/ /www.bp.com/liveassets
Parvizi Amineh, Mehdi, (2004),Caspian Energy:Aviable Alternative to the Persian Gulf, www.org/publication Bulletin/ebmarapr04p6.pdf.
Persian Gulf Oil and GasExportsFactSheet ,(2003) ,http://www.eia. doe.gov /cabs/ gulf2.html.
Piebalas, Andris,(2008) Energy Cmmissioner, European Energy Security Policy Speech at the European Brussels Summit, http://europa.eu/rapid/press releases action.do.
Sadeghi-nia, Mabboubeh,(2006), The European Union and Persian Gulf Energy Security,http://padis2.uniroma1.it:81/ojs/index.php/JMEG/article/viewPDFInterstitial.
Sajedi, Amir,(2009), Geopolitics of The Persian Gulf Security: Iran and The United States, IPRI Journal, Vol. IX, No.2,http:// ipirpak.org/ journal/summer 2009/Article5.pdf.
Shihab, Adnan Eldin,(2007), Former Acting Secretary General of Opec,"Prospect for Eu/Gcc Energy Coopration", Gulf Research Centre Gcc- Eu Research Bulletin,Issue7
Stock Taking document Toward a new Energy Strategy for Europe2011-2020, (2010), http://ec.europa.eu.
The European Commision, s Energy and Trans Port in Figures,(2006), http://ec.europa energy- transport /figures/pocket book.
U.s.Energy Information Administration Independent Statistics and Analysis, (2008),http://www. eia.doe.gov/ emeu/cabs/Iran/pdf.
Umbach, Frank,(2009), Futher Transport, Piplines and Energy Security, European Parliament, Brussels,www.Europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/ppt-umbach-en.pdf.
World Proved Reserves of oil and Natural Gas(2009), http://www.eia.gov/ emeu/international/ reserves.html.
World Energy Report, (2008), http://www.iea.org.
http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm.
http://www.eia.doe.gov.
International Relations Researches
Volume 2, Issue 6 - Serial Number 6
Winter 2013
Pages 151-185