پژوهش های روابط بین الملل

پژوهش های روابط بین الملل

یکجانبه‌گرایی ایالات متحده آمریکا و بحران مشروعیت نظام حل‌وفصل اختلافات سازمان تجارت جهانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوى دکترى، گروه حقوق بین الملل عمومی، پردیس بین المللی کیش، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
2 نویسنده مسئول، استاد گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
3 دانشیار حقوق بین‌الملل، گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
10.22034/irr.2026.606069.2933
چکیده
نظام حل‌وفصل اختلافات سازمان جهانی تجارت یکی از مهم‌ترین سازکارهای تضمین اجرای قواعد چندجانبه تجاری و ایجاد ثبات و پیش‌بینی‌پذیری در روابط تجاری بین‌المللی به شمار می‌رود. بااین‌حال، مخالفت ایالات متحده با عملکرد و ساختار رکن استیناف و استمرار ممانعت از انتصاب اعضای جدید، به توقف عملی فعالیت این نهاد در دسامبر ۲۰۱۹ انجامید و بحران مهمی را در نظام حل‌وفصل اختلافات سازمان جهانی تجارت ایجاد کرد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل نقش یکجانبه‌گرایی ایالات متحده در تشدید این بحران و بررسی پیامدهای انسداد رکن استیناف و کارکرد سازکار داوری موقت تجدیدنظر چندجانبه انجام شده است. روش پژوهش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و مبتنی بر بررسی اسناد حقوقی سازمان جهانی تجارت، مواضع رسمی ایالات متحده و مطالعات علمی مرتبط با تحولات نظام حل‌وفصل اختلافات است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که اختلاف ایالات متحده با رکن استیناف صرفاً به نحوه رسیدگی به اختلافات محدود نبوده، بلکه موضوعاتی مانند حدود صلاحیت تفسیری، ایجاد تعهدات جدید از طریق تفسیر قضایی، ارزش آرای پیشین و رعایت مهلت‌های رسیدگی را نیز دربر گرفته است. انسداد فرایند انتصاب اعضای رکن استیناف در نهایت موجب ازکارافتادگی مرحله تجدیدنظر و گسترش پدیده «تجدیدنظر در خلأ» شد و بدین ترتیب، قابلیت اجرای آرای نظام حل‌وفصل اختلافات و اعتماد اعضا به کارآمدی آن با چالش مواجه گردید. در واکنش به این وضعیت، سازکار داوری موقت تجدیدنظر چندجانبه بر مبنای ماده ۲۵ تفاهم‌نامه حل‌وفصل اختلافات ایجاد شد که توانسته است برای اعضای مشارکت‌کننده امکان استمرار مرحله تجدیدنظر را فراهم کند؛ بااین‌حال، ماهیت موقت و مشارکتی آن مانع از جایگزینی کامل آن با یک نظام تجدیدنظر عمومی می‌شود. در نتیجه، رفع پایدار بحران مستلزم اصلاح فرایند انتصاب، تعیین روشن‌تر حدود صلاحیت تجدیدنظر و ایجاد سازکاری چندجانبه برای جلوگیری از انسداد نهادی است
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

US Unilateralism and the Legitimacy Crisis of the WTO Dispute Settlement System

نویسندگان English

hakimeh Abdipour 1
seyed fazl-alah mousavi 2
ahmad momenirad 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Public International Law, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Corresponding Author, Professor of Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Professor of International Law, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

The World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system is essential for ensuring compliance with multilateral trade rules and maintaining stability and predictability in international trade. However, the United States’ opposition to the Appellate Body and its continued blocking of new appointments led to the suspension of its operations in December 2019, triggering a major institutional crisis. This study examines the role of U.S. unilateralism in intensifying the crisis and analyzes the consequences of the Appellate Body impasse and the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA). The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method based on WTO legal instruments, official U.S. positions, and relevant academic studies. The findings indicate that U.S. objections extended beyond dispute adjudication procedures to concerns regarding interpretive authority, the creation of new obligations through judicial interpretation, the status of previous rulings, and compliance with procedural deadlines. Blocking appointments rendered appellate review inoperative and contributed to the emergence of “appeals into the void,” undermining the enforceability of dispute settlement decisions and confidence in the system. In response, the MPIA was established under Article 25 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), allowing participating members to preserve appellate review through arbitration. Nevertheless, its limited participation and interim nature prevent it from fully replacing a universal appellate mechanism. The study concludes that resolving the crisis requires reforming the appointment process, clarifying the scope of appellate jurisdiction, and establishing a sustainable multilateral mechanism capable of preventing institutional paralysis and strengthening the effectiveness and predictability of WTO dispute settlement

کلیدواژه‌ها English

U.S. Unilateralism
World Trade Organization
Appellate Body
Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement
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