پژوهش های روابط بین الملل

پژوهش های روابط بین الملل

سیاست جنایی ایران در مقابله با پول‌شویی در معاملات اموال غیرمنقول در پرتو الزامات کنوانسیون پالرمو

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه حقوق، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران
2 نویسنده مسئول، استادیار گروه حقوق، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران
3 دانشیار گروه حقوق، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران
10.22034/irr.2026.606260.2935
چکیده
پول‌شویی از طریق معاملات اموال غیرمنقول، به دلیل ارزش بالای دارایی‌ها، پیچیدگی روابط قراردادی و دشواری شناسایی منشأ وجوه، یکی از چالش‌های مهم سیاست جنایی است. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی سیاست جنایی ایران در مقابله با این پدیده، جایگاه اسناد عادی و الزامات کنوانسیون سازمان ملل متحد برای مبارزه با جرائم سازمان‌یافته فراملی (پالرمو) را بررسی می‌کند. روش پژوهش، توصیفی‌ـ‌تحلیلی و مبتنی بر مطالعه قوانین و مقررات مرتبط است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که وجود مقررات متعدد در زمینه مبارزه با پول‌شویی، ثبت رسمی معاملات و نظارت بر جریان‌های مالی، به‌تنهایی تضمین‌کننده اثربخشی سیاست جنایی نیست؛ بلکه هماهنگی نهادی، تبادل اطلاعات و امکان ردیابی مالکیت و منشأ وجوه اهمیت اساسی دارند. اسناد عادی نیز، هرچند به‌خودی‌خود دلالتی بر وقوع جرم ندارند، در صورت فقدان شفافیت و امکان احراز مالک واقعی، ممکن است زمینه پنهان‌سازی عواید مجرمانه را فراهم کنند. الزامات کنوانسیون پالرمو بر جرم‌انگاری، پیشگیری، شناسایی و توقیف عواید مجرمانه و همکاری بین‌المللی تأکید دارند. بر این اساس، تقویت ثبت‌پذیری معاملات، احراز ذی‌نفع واقعی، نظارت بر پرداخت‌ها و هماهنگی میان نهادهای مسئول، از الزامات ارتقای کارآمدی سیاست جنایی ایران در این حوزه است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Iran's Criminal Policy in Combating Money Laundering in Real Estate Transactions in Light of the Requirements of the Palermo Convention

نویسندگان English

mojtaba kazemian 1
Ayatollah Parvizi Fard 2
Hamid bazrpach 3
1 PhD Student, Department of Law, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
2 Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Law, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
چکیده English

Money laundering through real estate transactions represents a significant challenge for criminal policy, owing to the high value of such assets, the complexity of contractual relationships, and the difficulty of tracing the origin of funds. This study aims to evaluate Iran’s criminal policy in addressing this phenomenon by examining the status of "ordinary documents" (unregistered private contracts) and the requirements set forth by the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (the Palermo Convention). Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research reviews relevant laws and regulations. The findings indicate that the mere existence of numerous regulations—covering anti-money laundering, the formal registration of transactions, and the monitoring of financial flows—does not, in itself, guarantee an effective criminal policy. Rather, institutional coordination, information exchange, and the ability to trace ownership and the origin of funds are of fundamental importance. While "ordinary documents" do not inherently imply criminal activity, a lack of transparency and the inability to identify the "beneficial owner" can facilitate the concealment of proceeds derived from crime. The Palermo Convention emphasizes the criminalization of such acts, the prevention, detection, and seizure of criminal proceeds, and international cooperation. Consequently, enhancing the formal registration of transactions, verifying the beneficial owner, monitoring payments, and fostering coordination among responsible institutions are essential steps toward improving the efficacy of Iran’s criminal policy in this domain.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

laundering
criminal policy
ordinary documents
Palermo Convention
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