International Relations Researches

International Relations Researches

Quadruple crises and the rise of the extreme right in Europe

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2 PhD Student of Political Science, Islamic Azad University of Shahreza, Isfahan
Abstract
Political and social currents and movements utilize specific intellectual origins to organize their actions on the basis of them and to achieve the intended goals. The far-right movement is no exception and adopts some elements such as racism, social Darwinism, chauvinism, populism, anti-immigrantism, xenophobia, welfare patriotism, opposition to European integration, and the re-emergence of national identity, and the re-emergence of national identity. It has had a social and social impact and has achieved significant success in the national and EU elections. In response to the question what is the rise of the far right in Europe? The authors believe that the four crises of resource distribution, political representation, identity, and immigration have played an undeniable role in this regard.
Keywords

 
منابع انگلیسی
Anastasakis, O. (2000). Extreme Right in Europe:A Comparative Study of Recent Trends. London: School of Economics&Political Science.
-Anderssen, J. G. and T. Bjorklund. (2000). Radical Right-wing Populism in Scandinavia: from Tax Revolt to Neo-liberalism and Xenophobia’, In the Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream, P. Hainsworth (ed.), London: Pinter.
Betz. H. G. (2003). Xenophobia, Identity Politics and Exclusionary Populism in Western Europe, In Fighting Identities: Race, Religion and Ethno-Nationalism, Socialist Register, L. Panitch and C. Leys (eds), London: Merlin Press.
Carlisle, R. P. (2005). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right. Thousand Oaks. California. USA. London, England UK; New Delhi. India: Sage Publications.
Church, C. H. (2004). The Swiss Elections of October 2003: Two Steps to System Change?. West European Politics, (27), pp. 518–534.
Hainsworth, P. (2008). The Extreme Right in Western Europe. London: Routledge Press.
Eliassi, B. (2011). Sweden Democrats anti-Muslim hysteria, November 11. Available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/barzoo-eliassi/sweden-democrat%E2%80%99s-anti-muslim-hysteria.
Far-right parties benefit from financial crises—but still blame immigrants for everything. Available at: http://qz.com/534031/far-right-parties-benefit-from-financial-crises-but-still-blame-immigrants-for-everything.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fascism.b.  -fascism,                                http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/populism populism,-
Langenbacher, N & B. Schellenberg. (2011). Is Europe On The "Right" Path? Right-wing extremism and right-wing populism in Europe, Published by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Forum Berlin.
Minkenberg, M. (2002). The Radical Right in Postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe: Comparative Observations and Interpretations. East European Politics and Society, 16 (2), pp. 335–362.
Minkenberg, M and M. Schain. (2003). The Front National in Context French and European Dimensions. In Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century, P. Merkl and L. Weinberg (eds), London: Frank Cass.
Mudde, C. (1995). Right-wing Extremism Analyzed: A Comparative Analysis of the Ideologies of Three Alleged Right-wing Extremist Parties  (NPD, NDP, CP’86). European Journal of Political Research, 27 (2), pp. 203–224.
-Mudde, C. (2000). The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press
Norris, P. (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Paxton, R. (2005). The Anatomy of Fascism. Publisher Vintage.
Ramalingam, V. (2014). Far Right Extremism:Trends  and Methods for Response and Prevention, Available at: www.strategicdialogue.org/Policy_Briefin.
Racism, Available at:
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/racism-
Solomos, J. (2003). Race and Racism in Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Swyngedouw, M and G. Ivaldi. (2001). The Extreme Right Utopia in Belgium and France: The Ideology of the Flemish Vlaams Blok and the French Front National. West European Politics, 24, pp. 1–22.
Wilson, R and  P. Hainsworth. (2012). Far Right Patries and Discourse in Europe: A Challenge for our times, European Network Against Racism.
Woodley, D. (2010). Fascism and Political Theory. Routledege Press. UK.